Cat. 19  Cliff Walk at Pourville, 1882

Monet Paintings and Drawings at the Art Institute of Chicago

At the top, a blue sky with scattered white clouds spans the scene. In the middle, a green‑blue sea stretches left to right with many small white sailboats near the distant horizon. On the right middle ground, two small figures stand on a grassy cliff—one holding a pink‑red parasol—beside a dark rocky edge; the foreground is dense with green grasses and patches of pink, purple, and yellow flowers. The figures are small in scale compared with the wide expanse of water and sky.

Cat. 19

Cliff Walk at Pourville^[1]
1882
Oil on canvas; 66.5 × 82.3 cm (26 1/8 × 32 7/16 in.)
Signed and dated: Claude Monet 82 (lower right corner, in red paint)
The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Larned Coburn Memorial Collection, 1933.443

Technical Report
Provenance
Exhibition History
Selected References
Other Documentation

Return to Normandy

Painted from a cliff top—probably at Val Saint-Nicolas, located between Pourville and Dieppe—Cliff Walk at Pourville is one of nearly one hundred canvases that Monet painted along the coast of Normandy in 1882 (fig. 19.1).^[2] This cycle of works was part of the artist’s revived interest in painting the English Channel between the early and mid-1880s. Monet was certainly no stranger to the coast, as exemplified by his 1867 painting The Beach at Sainte-Adresse (fig. 19.2 [cat. 13] [W92]). But for much of the 1870s, he had been preoccupied with painting the sites and activities of the urban and suburban Parisian landscape in works such as The Artist’s House at Argenteuil (fig. 19.3 [cat. 15] [W284]) and Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare (fig. 19.4 [cat. 16] [W441]). With his move to Vétheuil (about forty miles northwest of Paris) in 1878 and the death of his wife, Camille, in 1879, however, Monet shifted focus. He retreated from his depictions of the city and suburbs and began painting the terrain around Vétheuil, as well as a few still lifes—including the Art Institute’s Apples and Grapes (fig. 19.5 [cat. 17] [W546])—and numerous scenes of Normandy’s cliff-filled coastal sites and shorelines, especially at Fécamp, Dieppe, Pourville, Varengeville, and Étretat.1

Figs. 19.1–19.5

Gray water at the top-left is labeled “English Channel,” with coastal towns marked by black dots; from left to right along the Channel are Sainte-Adresse and Le Havre at the estuary, then Etretat, Fécamp, Petites-Dalles, Varengeville, Pourville, and Dieppe, with Honfleur and Trouville slightly south along the lower coast. A black wavy line for the Seine river runs from the right edge at Paris past Poissy, Vétheuil, and Giverny, through Rouen, and out to the estuary near Le Havre; a short tributary labeled Epte joins near Giverny. “FRANCE” appears centered in black text, and all locations are shown as small black dots with labels on a white background. — Fig. 19.1

Map showing Paris and the coast of Normandy.

Top section shows a gray, cloud-filled sky over a turquoise sea. Middle left holds a shoreline with low buildings and a tall church spire, while several small sailboats with dark red-brown sails are scattered across the water to the right and into the distance. Foreground presents a white pebbled beach with beached rowboats: a bright blue-and-tan boat at right, darker boats at center-left, and a few rocks. Near the left boats stand several people, with two smaller figures close to the water; foreground boats are large compared with the distant boats and buildings. — Fig. 19.2

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *The Beach at Sainte-Adresse*, 1867. Oil on canvas; 75.8 × 102.5 cm (29 13/16 × 40 5/16 in.). The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Larned Coburn Memorial Collection, 1933.439.

At the top, a light blue sky with small white clouds stretches over a garden; on the left, dense green trees dominate, while on the right a tall house with brown shutters is covered in green vines. Across the lower half, a wide pale path runs from foreground to background, bordered on the right by a row of blue pots and clusters of red and white flowers. A child in a light dress and tan hat stands near the center facing away and holding a hoop, and an adult in a long blue outfit and hat stands by the doorway on the right; both figures appear small compared to the building and trees. — Fig. 19.3

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *The Artist’s House at Argenteuil*, 1873. Oil on canvas; 60.2 × 73.3 cm (23 11/16 × 28 7/8 in.). The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson Collection, 1933.1153.

At the top, a large arched station roof stretches left to right in blue and green, with white‑gray plumes rising underneath. In the center foreground stands a large black train engine facing forward, a tall green lamppost slightly left of center, and groups of small people gathered to the right and farther back. Along the bottom, tracks and platforms cross the scene with additional dark train cars and a few figures on the left, while pale blue buildings appear in the background beyond the station. — Fig. 19.4

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare*, 1877. Oil on canvas; 59.6 × 80.2 cm (23 1/2 × 31 9/16 in.). The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson Collection, 1933.1158.

On a white tablecloth, five red-and-green apples sit on the left side. Near the upper right, a shallow oval basket holds clusters of dark purple and pale green grapes with a few apples, larger than the individual grapes, nestled among them; a small bunch of pale grapes lies on the cloth in front. Along the right edge and lower right, several more apples are scattered. A muted brown background sits above the tabletop. — Fig. 19.5

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *Apples and Grapes*, 1880. Oil on canvas; 66.2 × 82.3 cm (26 1/16 × 32 7/16 in.). The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson Collection, 1933.1152.

Departing from his home base in Poissy—where he had recently relocated with Alice Hoschedé (the wife of his former patron Ernest Hoschedé, whom he would marry in 1892, after her husband’s death) and their families—Monet visited the coast twice in 1882, from early February to mid-April and from mid-June to early October.^[3] Because most of the paintings from these trips feature similar subjects and titles, it is often difficult to definitively identify which canvases were produced during each trip.^[4] The bright summer sky and the inclusion of two female figures—often thought to be Alice and one of her daughters, or perhaps her two eldest daughters, Marthe and Blanche—suggest that Monet executed Cliff Walk during his second trip, when he brought Alice and their combined family with him.^[5]2

In the paintings he created in the early 1880s in Normandy, Monet experimented with unique viewpoints (from both the top and the base of the cliffs) and the placement of the horizon line, creating compositions that challenged the conventional spatial construction of nineteenth-century French landscape paintings. Composed of three main zones—sky, water, and land—Cliff Walk has a certain flatness to it, but Monet achieved dynamism through his flickering brushwork, as well as the skewed diagonal created by the landmass at the bottom left and the two jutting lobes of land at the center and right. He provided limited suggestions of three-dimensionality by placing patches of dark shadows next to the bright, colorful cliff tops, recalling the way Japanese printmakers juxtaposed contrasting colors to indicate spatial recession.3

It is well known that Monet was influenced by Japanese prints—he started his own collection of them in the 1850s or 1860s.^[6] Many elements of Cliff Walk—the juxtaposition of flat planes of contrasting color, the bird’s-eye point of view, the cropping of compositional elements along the edge of the picture frame, the sinuous winding edge of the cliff, and the inclusion of figures and boats to infuse a sense of scale and balance—bring to mind the woodblock prints of Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Hiroshige that were in his collection (see fig. 19.6) and were increasingly visible (and available) in Paris from the 1860s.^[7] Monet’s figure types in the painting also imply the influence of Japanese prints. In constructing his two female subjects, the artist suggested that the women are stylishly dressed, though they do not conform to the meticulous, fashion plate–inspired genre paintings of contemporaries like James Tissot or Alfred Stevens. Monet made his figures’ garments relatively illegible, recalling female figures—often encased in fabric and holding umbrellas—from Japanese prints.
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On the left, a steep gray‑brown cliff with dark blue shadows rises, with a small human figure near an outcrop; from the cliff and a jutting rocky ledge, several wind‑bent pine trees with dark green foliage lean toward the water. Across the middle, deep blue water fills the scene, and on the right three boats with tall white sails float near the horizon. In the background, low brown hills and a large white, snow‑capped conical mountain stand beneath a pale sky that shifts from light peach at the top to pale blue near the horizon. — Fig. 19.6

Utagawa Hiroshige (Japanese, 1797–1858). *View from Satta Peak, Yui,* from the series *The Fifty-Three Stations of the Tokaido Road, No. 17 (Tokaido gojusan tsugi no uchi, no. 17)*, 1833. Color woodblock print; 24.1 × 36.8 cm (9 1/2 × 14 1/2 in.). The Art Institute of Chicago, Clarence Buckingham Collection, 1925.3518.

The Picturesque versus the Sublime

The inclusion of the two figures in Cliff Walk at Pourville has resulted in significant art historical debate. In his treatment of Monet’s paintings depicting the coast of Normandy, Robert L. Herbert notes that only four of the land- and seascapes from this productive year show tourists, and further, that all four feature two women looking out over the water.^[8] In relation to this, Herbert assessed: “For Monet as for so many middle-class men, women at leisure characterized summertime generally and seashore vacations in particular. Here the two figures, small but conspicuous by their color and position, are intermediaries between ourselves and the scene; aware of these bourgeois women, we cannot picture ourselves alone. They help form a vacation picture in which all signs of work and city are absent; the two women and we look upon pleasure boating from an outlook marked only by exuberant growth and bright sunshine.”^[9]5

Instead of a depiction of the tourist experience, Richard Thomson has argued that Monet highlighted the natural grandeur and power of land, sea, and sky, thereby producing a “modern sublime.”^[10] In Cliff Walk, “the vulnerability of the tiny bourgeoises on the grimly shadowed crag plays up the sublime, and vicariously prompts our own reaction to that experience of being close to the edge.”^[11] Indeed, the way in which Monet integrated the two figures into the environment suggests that nature has swallowed them up. Unlike the Art Institute’s Beach at Sainte-Adresse (cat. 13), in which Monet clearly included the fishermen and tourist couple as a late addition, here he embedded the figures into the landscape, building them up at the same time as the other areas of the composition and incorporating them into the swirly vegetation on the cliff. It is difficult to tell where strokes of grass end and the fabric of the figures’ garments begins (fig. 19.7). However, it is impossible to ignore the fact that Monet did not depict nature as a fierce, dangerous opponent; sailboats leisurely float on the relatively calm water, and puffy white clouds fill the beautiful blue summer sky.^[12] The inclusion of the words promenade (“walk”) and falaise (“cliff”) in the painting’s title from early in its history heightens this ambiguity; the title at once evokes the natural landscape and the idea that it is something to be trod upon by civilization.6

At the top, a pale blue sky meets a band of blue‑green water, with a small light shape near the horizon. On the right, an adult with a pink parasol stands beside a shorter child in a light outfit and small hat; the adult is taller and slightly behind the child. The foreground and left side are filled with yellow and green grasses with touches of pink and purple surrounding the two figures. — Fig. 19.7

Detail of the figures in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Variations on a Theme

During his 1882 trips, Monet typically painted two to five variations on a single motif.^[13] It is clear that he was already thinking of his coastal paintings of 1882 serially, an approach that he would fully realize in the three series that he executed between February 1896 and April 1897 and exhibited under the group title Falaises (Cliffs).^[14] Writing to his dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel, on March 25, 1882, Monet exclaimed that he did not wish to send the dealer a shipment of new canvases from Pourville until he could see the “series” all together.^[15]7

As Virginia Spate has observed, Monet at this time particularly seems to have been experimenting with “‘pairs’ of landscapes with and without figures as if speculating on the difference made by the presence or absence of spectator figures.”^[16] Cliff Walk at Pourville and the related composition Edge of the Cliff at Pourville (fig. 19.8 [W757]) are suggestive of this.^[17] The paintings clearly depict the same site—distinguished by the two unusual rocky outcroppings at center and right. There are slight variations in Monet’s points of view—in the Art Institute’s painting, he seems to have pivoted a bit to his left, as evidenced by the more extreme cropping of the cliff at right and the greater expanse of the cliff top at bottom left. The major difference, however, is the inclusion of the figures in the Art Institute’s painting.8

Top area shows a pale blue sky with light clouds. Below it, a blue and green ocean stretches to the horizon, with a few tiny white shapes far offshore. The foreground and right side are a tall grassy cliff in yellow‑green tones dotted with white and pink wildflowers, with a dark rocky section on the right and a smaller rocky jut near the center. The cliff fills most of the foreground and is much larger than the small distant shapes on the water. — Fig. 19.8

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *Edge of the Cliff at Pourville*, 1882. Oil on canvas; 60 × 73 cm (23 5/8 × 28 3/4 in.). Private collection. Photograph © Christie’s Images/The Bridgeman Art Library.

It is difficult—and perhaps unproductive—to assume the order in which Monet constructed this pair of paintings. Edge of the Cliff is slightly smaller—painted on a rotated no. 20 portrait (figure) canvas as opposed to a no. 25 portrait (figure). One wonders if the artist began with the smaller picture and worked his way up to the larger canvas to perhaps accentuate the horizontality or the legibility of the subject. Or was the smaller picture painted after the women had already walked along the edge of the cliff? Indeed, in Edge of the Cliff, one gets the haunting sense that there is an already trodden path composed of pinkish tones that follow the inverted S curve of the cliff line. A similar pairing can be seen in two other paintings executed during this summer, Edge of the Cliffs at Pourville (1882; private collection [W751]) and On the Cliff at Pourville (fig. 19.9 [W752]).^[18] Notably, Monet chose the former, the larger and more fully developed of this pair—also the one that included signs of human presence—to exhibit with Cliff Walk in the solo exhibition of his work at Durand-Ruel, Paris, in 1883.^[19]
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At the top, a pale blue sky meets a hazy line of distant cliffs running from the left toward the center-right. The right half is filled with blue-green water stretching to the horizon. In the foreground, a large grassy cliff in greens and yellows slopes toward the sea, dotted with small red, orange, and purple wildflowers, with a steep edge near the center-right. — Fig. 19.9

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *On the Cliff at Pourville*, 1882. Oil on canvas; 60.3 × 81.3 cm (23 3/4 × 32 in.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bequest of Julia W. Emmons, 1956 (56.135.2). Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY.

Constructing the Landscape

Monet’s omission and addition of specific elements in these paintings and his thoughtful selection of which paintings to include for exhibition suggest that he was meticulously crafting his land- and seascapes of the English Channel. Many scholars agree that Monet did not paint them quickly and spontaneously in one outdoor sitting.^[20] Instead, he labored over them, creating carefully arranged compositions. The artist himself acknowledged this; in a letter to Alice while on his first trip in 1882, he wrote that “most of my studies have had ten or twelve sessions, and several of them, twenty.”^[21]10

Recent technical examinations concur that Monet executed Cliff Walk at Pourville in multiple sessions. Transmitted-infrared imaging reveals that he originally started the painting as a significantly different composition. In an early stage, he laid in the horizon line almost four inches higher than the one that appears in the final composition (fig. 19.10). It is difficult to determine if this early horizon line—clearly visible at the left edge of the canvas—continues all the way to the right edge. One thing is certain, however: the legible section of this early horizon is not straight and precisely horizontal like that which separates sky and water in the final compositions of Cliff Walk and many other paintings from 1882. Rather, it ascends slightly from the left edge of the canvas toward the center.11

A bright rectangular field is centered within a thick black border. From top to bottom, the field shows uneven gray tones: darker, elongated patches near the upper third, a dense cluster of dark blotches in the middle covering about one-third of the area, and a lighter, speckled gray region toward the bottom. Left to right, scattered streaks and spots of black and dark gray break up a lighter gray ground, with slightly brighter edges around the rectangle; colors are black, dark gray, and light gray, and no distinct figures or objects are clearly visible. — Transmitted Infrared (1.0-1.1µm)

Top section shows a pale blue sky with scattered white clouds above a blue‑green sea. Across the middle, small white sailboats dot the water, and a rocky shore extends in from the right. On the right-center cliff, two figures—one taller and one shorter—stand among green grass and pink-purple wildflowers; the taller figure holds a red umbrella. The foreground is dense with grasses and flowers, and the figures and boats appear small compared with the wide expanse of sea and sky. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.10

Transmitted-infrared (Fuji, 1.0–1.1 μm) and natural-light images of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing a change in the horizon line made by the artist. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

Because it is difficult to determine the features of the early composition on the right-hand side and in the lower three-quarters of the canvas, it is challenging to imagine what viewpoint Monet was initially trying to capture. If he was on a cliff top, perhaps he first intended the composition to be similar to The Cliff at Varengeville, in which the distant cliffs ascend from the sea (fig. 19.11 [W806]).^[22] Indeed, there appear to be curved lines in the top-right half of Cliff Walk that may be indicative of the undulating cliff line dominating the right side of that painting. Or perhaps Monet was standing on the beach at the base of the cliff face, as in the two paintings from the same summer entitled The Church at Varengeville, Morning Effect (fig. 19.12 [W795] and fig. 19.13 [W794]).^[23] A composition like this might explain Monet’s inclusion of the higher, craggy horizon line and the active brushstrokes in the top half of the painting, which are also visible in the X-ray (fig. 19.14). Even more curious is that the canvas on which Cliff Walk was painted has a weave match with the aforementioned Apples and Grapes in the Art Institute’s collection; this suggests that the two now-discrete canvases were cut from the same bolt of fabric. Was this an unused canvas sitting around for some time in Monet’s studio or in the Paris shop of the color merchant H. Vieille & E. Troisgros? Either scenario could be feasible, for the canvas stamp found on the verso of Cliff Walk dates to between 1879 and 1883.^[24]
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Figs. 19.11–19.14

Top area has a pale gray sky over a wide green-blue sea. Across the center in the distance, a line of light tan cliffs stretches along the horizon. On the right, tall orange-brown cliffs drop to dark rocky patches at the water’s edge. Bottom and left foreground are covered with thick grass and low shrubs in green, yellow, and tan. — Fig. 19.11

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *The Cliff at Varengeville*, 1882. Oil on canvas; 65 × 81 cm (25 5/8 × 31 7/8 in.). Private collection. Photograph © Lefevre Fine Art Ltd., London/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Top area shows a blue sky with white clouds. Along the upper center, a small light-gray building with a dark pointed roof sits on a strip of green grass that stretches across the top. Below it, a very tall cliff dominates the scene, covered in vertical streaks of red, orange, brown, and gray; the building appears much smaller than the cliff. At the bottom, a narrow band of pale tan ground with scattered white patches borders a thin blue strip. — Fig. 19.12

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *The Church at Varengeville, Morning Effect*, 1882. Oil on canvas; 60 × 73 cm (23 5/8 × 28.3/4 in.). Private collection. Photograph © Christie’s Images/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Top section shows a blue sky with scattered white clouds. Along the upper ridge, a small gray building with a pointed steeple sits among green and brown grassy slopes, with a low fence extending toward the left. Most of the scene is a large, steep cliff dropping from the ridge, streaked with tan, cream, yellow, orange, red, and blue‑gray; deeper shadows gather toward the lower right. A narrow strip at the bottom edge appears as pale ground in light gray and lavender tones. — Fig. 19.13

Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926). *The Church at Varengeville, Morning Effect*, 1882. Oil on canvas; 60 × 73 cm (23 5/8 × 28 3/4 in.). Private collection. Photograph © Christie’s Images/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Large rectangular field of mottled gray tones, lighter near the top and darker toward the bottom, fills most of the frame. Near the center, a pale irregular patch and several swirling gray marks stand out against mid-gray surroundings; the bottom area has denser, darker streaks. Around the edges, small white circles and short tick marks appear at intervals, and each corner holds a large white right‑angle bracket with serrated segments that frame the rectangle. No clearly defined figures or objects are visible. — Fig. 19.14

X-ray of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Monet also made changes to the final composition (see Technical Report). When he first laid in the present horizon line, he extended it farther to the right edge of the canvas (fig. 19.15). The sunlit portion of the cliff at right was added early on, before the sky was fully in place, suggesting that the artist always intended for the break between sky and water to be interrupted by part of the cliff top. But Monet amended this and other passages at a later time, after the first paint layer had dried. He tweaked the placement of the sailboats, removing some and adding others; IR (and visible light) shows that he also reduced the rocky outcropping—editing out a lobe that appears in the companion painting, Edge of the Cliff at Pourville—and added the shadowed area at right to achieve the correct balance (fig. 19.16).^[25]
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Grayscale surface with cloudy, streaked textures fills a rectangular frame. Four white L‑shaped brackets sit in each corner, with small white circles spaced along the edges and short tick marks running down the sides. The top half is lighter with soft horizontal streaks, while the bottom half is darker and more densely mottled, with a few brighter smudges clustered slightly right of center. — X-Ray

Top shows a light blue sky with scattered white clouds meeting a blue‑green sea dotted with tiny white sailboats along the distant horizon. Right-center, a steep grassy cliff covered with green and yellow plants and pink wildflowers extends over the water; on its top stand two small people in light clothing, one holding a red parasol. Bottom foreground is dense with mixed grasses and flowers, while open water occupies most of the left side, making the figures small in scale against the broad seascape. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.15

X-ray and natural-light images of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing the extension of the present horizon line farther to the right. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

Top area shows a light blue sky with a few white clouds. Right side features a large dark rocky cliff with patches of green and light purple vegetation. Bottom-left is a wide stretch of blue-green water with the horizon near the middle; several small dark shapes and one small white shape appear on the distant water. — Fig. 19.16

Detail of the far-right cliff in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Monet’s “pairs” from 1882 such as Cliff Walk and Edge of the Cliff deserve continued attention. However finished the final composition may seem, the Art Institute’s painting reinforces that Monet’s works from Normandy in the early 1880s were part of a developmental phase. Struggling between two worlds, he was on the cusp of abandoning figure paintings for the rest of his career. While still incorporating human figures in Cliff Walk, he treated them less as modern Parisiennes and more as the abstracted characters from Japanese prints. This tension is manifest not only in the diverse scholarly interpretations the painting has received but also in its physical history.

Gloria Groom and Jill Shaw
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Technical Summary

Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville was painted on a pre-primed no. 25 portrait (figure) linen canvas. There is a stamp from the color merchant Vieille & Troisgros on the verso of the canvas. The canvas exhibits a warp-thread match with Monet’s Apples and Grapes (cat. 17 [W546]), suggesting that the fabric for these paintings came from the same bolt of material.^[26] The ground layer is cream-colored and may consist of a double application. Technical examination has revealed that a different composition was begun on the canvas, although it does not appear to have been fully developed. The final painting has a rich, brush-marked surface with both wet-in-wet and wet-over-dry paint application, the latter suggesting that the painting was carried out in more than one session. The land, sea, and sky were established before the figures were incorporated. The artist then worked up all areas of the composition together. A variety of brushwork was used, ranging from smooth, opaque brushstrokes to more textural strokes of low impasto and finishing touches of local color that skip across the high points of the paint texture beneath. In the final stages, the artist made changes to the right cliff face and to some of the sailboats along the horizon.^[27]15

Multilayer Interactive Image Viewer

The multilayer interactive image viewer is designed to facilitate the viewer’s exploration and comparison of the technical images (fig. 19.17).^[28]
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Top section shows a pale blue sky with scattered white clouds. Below it, a green-blue sea spans the width, with many small white sailboats near the far horizon. In the foreground on the right, a high grassy cliff covered with green, pink, and purple vegetation overlooks the water; two people in light-colored clothing and hats stand near the edge, one holding a pink parasol, both facing the sea. A darker rocky face descends from the right edge, while shorter grass and flowers fill the lower left. — Natural Light

A rectangular grayscale surface filled with cloudy, swirling textures. At the top, pale horizontal streaks run left to right, with small white dots near the edges and white L‑shaped brackets in both upper corners. The center shows a larger light-gray patch with scattered wisps, while the surrounding areas are darker. The lower third is denser and darker with rough, streaky marks, and more white dots line the right and bottom edges along with L‑shaped brackets in the lower corners. — X-Ray

A dark gray border encloses a lighter rectangle filled with mottled black, gray, and white tones. From top to bottom, the upper area shows horizontal streaks with a few oval dark patches; the middle, slightly right of center, contains a large irregular dark cluster; the lower half is densely speckled with smaller dark marks. Shapes are indistinct, with no recognizable objects, and the tones range from near-black to light gray. — Transmitted Infrared (1.0-1.1 µm)

Top section shows a pale gray sky with streaky clouds; below it, a straight horizon separates the sky from a wide, medium‑gray sea dotted with many small white sailboats. The left and center are mostly open water, while the right side and lower foreground are filled with dense grasses and foliage in mixed light and dark grays on a sloping bank. Slightly right of center, two small human figures stand among the plants, one holding a round parasol, appearing small compared with the expanse of water and sky. — Infrared Reflectogram (1.0-1.1 µm)

From top to bottom: a blue sky filled with broad pink and purple clouds spans the scene. Across the middle, a dark blue‑green sea stretches left to right with pink highlights along a thin, dark horizon. In the foreground on the right, a tall grass‑covered cliff in greens, browns, and pinks rises above the water; at its top stand two small figures, one holding a round parasol, wearing light‑colored clothing with no clear skin tone visible, while shorter grasses and plants fill the lower left. — Transmitted Light

Top section shows a bright blue sky with scattered white clouds meeting a deep blue sea at the horizon, with small white sailboats dotted across the water. In the right foreground, a high grassy cliff in green and purple tones overlooks the waves; an adult wearing a light hat and long clothing stands near the edge beside a shorter child in similar light clothing. The bottom area is filled with dense grass and pink flowers, and a darker rocky outcrop rises along the far right. — Ultraviolet

Top shows a blue sky with scattered pale clouds. Across the middle stretches a green‑blue sea with small white sailboats near the horizon. In the right foreground, a grassy and rocky cliff is covered with green and purple plants; an adult holding a reddish parasol stands beside a child near the edge, with a larger rock outcrop farther right. The figures appear small compared to the broad areas of sky and water. — Raking Light

Fig. 19.17

Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

Signature

Signed and dated: Claude Monet 82 (lower right corner, in red paint,^[29] fig. 19.18). Most of the underlying paint was dry when the signature and date were applied, except for a few strokes of pale purplish-gray paint, which were probably added as final touches just before the painting was signed.
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Close-up of a textured surface in light green and teal with touches of yellow and pale purple. Across the middle from left to right, red‑brown handwritten text reads “Claude Monet 82.” The writing takes up most of the width, with the numbers positioned at the far right. — Fig. 19.18

Detail of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) showing the signature and date. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Structure and Technique

Support

Canvas
Flax (commonly known as linen).^[30]18

Standard format
When the painting was lined in 1972–73, the stretcher was replaced with one of slightly larger dimensions (see Conservation History). The original dimensions were approximately 65 × 81 cm, which corresponds to a no. 25 portrait (figure) standard-size stretcher, turned horizontally.^[31]19

Weave
Plain weave. Average thread count (standard deviation): 19.1V (0.4) × 20.0H (0.7) threads/cm; the vertical threads were determined to correspond to the warp and the horizontal threads to the weft.^[32] The painting shows a warp-thread match with Monet’s Apples and Grapes (cat. 17, Technical Report).^[33]20

Canvas characteristics

There is fairly regular cusping around all four edges. It appears to be more pronounced on the left and right sides.21

Stretching

Current stretching: The current stretching dates to the 1972–73 treatment (see Conservation History). The canvas is attached with copper tacks spaced approximately 6–8 cm apart.22

Original stretching: Cusping in the canvas corresponds to the placement of the original tack holes, which are spaced approximately 6–7.5 cm apart. There are also three–six randomly placed pinholes on each tacking margin.23

Stretcher/strainer
Current stretcher: Four-membered redwood ICA spring stretcher dating to the 1972–73 treatment (see Conservation History).24

Original stretcher: The stretcher that preceded the 1972–73 treatment may have been the original. It is described in an undated report as five membered, including a vertical crossbar with butt-ended, mortise and tenon joints, ten keys, and the following dimensions: overall, 65.5 cm × 81.5 cm; outside depth, 2 cm; inside depth, 2 cm; width, 6.5 cm; distance from canvas position, 0.8 cm; and length of mortise, 5 cm.^[34]25

Manufacturer’s/supplier’s marks
There is a supplier’s stamp on the back of the original canvas. Before the painting was lined in 1973 (see Conservation History), a tracing of the stamp was made. The text (not completely legible) is contained within a palette shape: “[H.] VIEILLE E. TROISGROS […] / 35 RUE DE LAVAL 35 / PARIS / COULEURS FINES / TOILES PANNEAUX (fig. 19.19).” The transmitted infrared image shows traces of the stamp, which is located on the midleft side of the back of the painting (fig. 19.20).
26

Black oval stamp with worn black lettering on a white background. From top to bottom: along the upper curve it reads “MAISON … TROISGROS” (some letters are faded); the middle lines read “25 RUE DE LAVAL 25” and “PARIS.” Along the lower curve it reads “COULEURS FINES” and “TOILES PANNEAUX,” with a small horizontal dash and a curved mark near the right side of the center. — Fig. 19.19

Tracing of a Vieille & Troisgros supplier’s stamp from the verso of the original canvas of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

A rectangular gray field is framed by thick black bands on all sides. Across the top third, soft wavy dark streaks run left to right with lighter gray patches between them. The middle shows a dense, mottled mix of medium and dark gray, including a few irregular darker clusters near the center-right. The lower third has heavier speckling in dark gray and black that becomes slightly lighter near the bottom edge. — Monet 18 Trans IR stamp background new 2

Fig. 19.20

Transmitted-infrared (Fuji, 1.0–1.1 µm) image of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing traces of a supplier’s stamp on the verso of the original canvas. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Preparatory Layers

Sizing
Not determined, probably glue.^[35]27

Ground application/texture
The ground layer extends to the edges of all four tacking margins, indicating that the canvas was cut from a larger piece of primed fabric, which was probably commercially prepared. The ground is relatively thick (60–125 µm) and may consist of a double application (fig. 19.21). When the cross section is viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light, the upper region of the ground exhibits a distinct fluorescence compared with the lower region (fig. 19.22). The backscattered electron (BSE) image shows the lower region to be slightly more compact and richer in lead white, as evidenced by its brighter white appearance (fig. 19.23).^[36] Several bubble holes were observed in the ground layer during microscopic examination of the painting.
28

Across the top, a thin off-white strip runs horizontally beneath a dark gray area. Below it, a wider mottled brown band occupies the center, with a few small bright white specks within it; this brown region fades into very dark gray toward the bottom. A scale bar labeled “100 µm” sits at the lower right. — Monet 18 4_Monet_x1292_10x_dkfld_b.

Top shows a blue sky with scattered white clouds. Middle area shows a blue-green sea with small white crests, and a dark rocky rise along the right edge. Foreground shows a grassy cliff with pink and yellow wildflowers; near the center-right, two small people in light clothing stand close to the edge, one in a red hat and the other in a pale hat, both facing the water. Only one scene is present. — Sample Location

Fig. 19.21

Photomicrograph of a cross section of the canvas and ground layers of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). Original magnification: 100×. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top-to-bottom: a narrow, uneven white band runs horizontally near the top, with tiny dark specks scattered within it. Below it, a thicker gray to brown zone with layered, thread-like textures fills the center and becomes darker gray toward the bottom, all set against a flat deep blue field. A small white scale bar labeled “100 µm” sits at the lower right. — Monet 18 5_Monet_x1292_10x_UV_b

Most of the frame is black; in the lower-left, a rectangular scene shows a pale blue sky with white clouds above a blue‑green sea. Below the sky, the left side is water, while the right side is a bright green grassy cliff with a dark brown rock face. Near the center-right on the grass, a small person wearing a red hat and light clothing stands close to the edge. The bottom band of the scene is dense grass with pink, purple, and yellow flowers. — Sample Location

Fig. 19.22

Photomicrograph of a cross section of the canvas and ground layers of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) under UV light showing the different fluorescence of the upper and lower regions of the ground. Original magnification: 100×. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top area shows a thin dark gray band with many tiny bright specks and small irregular fragments. Across the center, a wide speckled region contains numerous irregular light-gray and dark-gray pieces of mixed shapes and sizes, including a few larger bright patches and some elongated darker forms. Toward the bottom, a darker, more continuous band with a smoother look and a few curved cracks borders the speckled region. Based on the 100 µm scale bar, individual pieces range from a few micrometers to a few tens of micrometers across. — Monet 18 6_x1292_m

Blue sky with scattered white clouds spans the top. Below it, a green-blue sea stretches across the middle with small white sailboats, and a rocky outcrop appears on the right. In the lower section, dense green grasses and pink wildflowers cover a bluff; two small people stand near the edge, one wearing a red hat, both facing the water. — Sample Location

Fig. 19.23

Backscattered electron (BSE) image of a cross section of the ground layers of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Color
Observing the painting microscopically, the ground appears to be cream colored, with scattered red, black, and yellow particles (fig. 19.24).
29

Top area shows a smooth, pale beige layer with fine cracks. Across the middle runs a narrow, dark brown band showing small vertical ridges that repeat from left to right. Below it is a lighter beige, rough layer with small pits and waviness that darkens toward the bottom edge. A scale bar at the bottom reads 2.0 mm for size reference. — Monet 18 Mic27

Top left shows a small blue‑gray area with thin white streaks beside a taller dark green mass. Across the middle and right, a dense expanse of greens is mixed with many small patches of pink, orange, yellow, and light purple, forming a thick band that takes up most of the scene. A narrow light beige strip lines the bottom edge.

Fig. 19.24

Photomicrograph of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing exposed ground. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Materials/composition
The upper and lower regions of the ground were found to have the same composition. This consists of a mixture of primarily lead white and calcium carbonate (chalk) with traces of iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, bone black, silicate minerals, alumina, and silica.^[37]30

Compositional Planning/Underdrawing/Painted Sketch

Extent/character
No underdrawing was observed with infrared reflectography (IRR) or microscopic examination.31

Paint Layer

Application/technique and artist’s revision
The paint layer is fairly continuous throughout the composition, with the cream-colored ground layer visible in only a few localized areas through breaks in the brushstrokes, most notably at the lower corners (fig. 19.25). Brushwork unrelated to the final composition is clearly visible in the transmitted-infrared image (fig. 19.26), particularly in the upper half of the painting. This indicates that Monet initially planned a different landscape or seascape composition for the canvas. The earlier composition consists of strong directional strokes that delineate the major forms, but it does not appear to have been developed very far. Although the first composition is not easily discernible in the X-ray, its presence helps to explain the rather vigorous brushwork seen there, especially when compared with the final image (fig. 19.27). A distinct, three-lobed form, which does not correspond to the final image, is visible in transmitted infrared (IR) in the lower-left quadrant of the painting (fig. 19.28); however, it is unclear what this form represents.
32

Upper area is filled with mottled patches and streaks of light green, yellow-green, and pale pink. Across the middle to lower regions, colors shift to cooler green and blue-green with small touches of white and tan. A narrow strip at the bottom holds dark red handwritten text reading “Claude Monet 82,” running from left of center toward the right edge. — Fig. 19.25

Detail of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) showing areas of exposed ground. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

A rectangular grayscale field sits within a thick black border. From top to bottom: the upper third shows broad, dark gray horizontal swirls on a pale gray ground; the middle third contains a loose cluster of small, irregular dark blotches and smudges; the lower third is denser with darker streaks and speckles over mid gray. Tones range from near white to black, with most areas in mid gray. — Transmitted Infrared (1.0-1.1 µm)

Across the top, a light blue sky with scattered white clouds. Below, a green-blue sea stretches across the left and center with small white sailboats near the horizon. On the right foreground, a high grassy cliff in greens with touches of yellow, pink, and purple wildflowers; near the edge stand two small figures, one taller holding a red parasol and a shorter figure beside them. A darker rocky outcrop sits at the far right, and dense grasses fill the lower edge. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.26

Transmitted-infrared (Fuji, 1.0–1.1 µm) and natural-light image of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing brushwork from an earlier composition. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

A large rectangular grayscale field fills the view, bordered by white L-shaped corner brackets and small white circular markers spaced along all four edges. From top to bottom, the upper third shows light gray streaks, the middle contains denser swirling white and gray patches with a brighter vertical smudge slightly right of center, and the lower third is darker with rough, streaky marks. Colors are black, white, and shades of gray, with the corner brackets and edge dots small compared to the broad central field. — X-Ray

Blue sky with scattered white clouds sits above a blue‑green sea, where many small white sailboats appear near the horizon. In the foreground at center-right, a grassy cliff covered in green, yellow, and pink plants rises over the water; two people in light clothing stand there, both wearing hats, and one holds a red parasol. A darker rocky edge drops to the water below, with another rock outcrop on the far right, while the left side opens to the wide expanse of water. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.27

X-ray and natural-light images of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) comparing brushwork visible in the X-ray with the final image. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

A rectangular black-and-white field sits within a thick black border. From top to bottom, the upper third shows horizontal gray streaks with a few dark oval smudges; the middle area holds a dense cluster of irregular dark patches; the lower half is lighter gray with scattered darker blotches and speckles. Tones range from bright white to deep black, with most shapes small to medium relative to the full rectangle. — Transmitted Infrared (1.0-1.1µm)

Blue sky with white clouds stretches across the top above a green-blue sea dotted with many small white sailboats in the distance. At center-right, a high grassy cliff with patches of pink and purple wildflowers overlooks the water, with a darker rock face along its side. Near the edge stand two people: a taller adult and a smaller child in light clothing, the taller figure holding a red parasol. The foreground is dense green grass leading toward the cliff, and the horizon runs left to right through the middle. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.28

Transmitted-infrared (Fuji, 1.0–1.1 µm) and natural-light images of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). A distinct three-lobed form that does not correspond with the final image is visible in the transmitted-infrared image. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

In the final composition, the three main areas—sky, sea, and cliff—were worked up simultaneously. The earliest paint layers in each area seem to consist of more subdued colors than those used in the upper layers. The sky has a pale blue-gray underlayer that is visible intermittently along the horizon line and is used for the light-gray tones of the clouds (fig. 19.29). Areas around the edges of the clouds, where this underlayer is left exposed, represent some of the more translucent passages of paint application (fig. 19.30). The artist then applied thicker strokes of lead white paint, subtly toned with traces of cobalt blue and vermilion, to further build up the clouds. The more intense blue paint in the upper part of the sky was applied around the clouds, coming up over their edges in places (fig. 19.31). The sea was painted in with a pale greenish-gray hue, which remains readily evident through the network of individual strokes applied over it (fig. 19.32). In contrast, the dense brushwork of the grassy cliff top makes it difficult to discern the earliest layers in that area of the composition. Small glimpses suggest that the underpainting is more variable there than in the sky and water: a thin, dull green paint was observed in some places (fig. 19.33), and a pale pinkish-beige appeared in others. The presence of an overall underpainting layer in the sky and water is somewhat unusual when compared with other Monet paintings studied for this project and may have been applied to cover the earlier composition in the areas where it was most developed before the artist began the final composition. Both the sea and the cliffs were built up using individual touches of color, applied in roughly horizontal, curving strokes for the waves and more randomly oriented strokes in the wind-swept grass. In these areas, the artist made use of low-impasto brushwork and light strokes that skip across the high points of the underlying texture (fig. 19.34, fig. 19.35), a combination that helps to create a sense of depth and movement. Monet often picked up two or more colors on his brush that he laid onto the canvas in strokes of unmixed color. The two figures seem to have been added after the elements of the landscape were already established in the initial painting stage (fig. 19.36). Several places around the edges of the figures show that the underlying layers of the cliff, water, and sky were already dry when the figures were painted (fig. 19.37). The figures and the landscape elements were then all worked up simultaneously. The garments consist of a thick buildup of strokes applied wet-in-wet, but with little actual blending of colors on the canvas (fig. 19.38). Some of the final strokes of the grass and figures were applied back and forth, wet-in-wet, blurring the boundary between them.
33

Figs. 19.29–19.32

Top to bottom, a light blue sky fills the entire scene. Near the center-right, a single white cloud with soft, uneven edges spreads horizontally, taking up roughly a quarter of the width and less than a fifth of the height. The rest of the area is clear blue with no other elements. — Fig. 19.29

Detail of a cloud in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) showing the pale blue-gray underlayer around the edges of the cloud. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top area shows a dark blue sky with broad patches of pink and purple clouds, meeting a straight horizon. Across the middle, a blue‑green sea fills the left side, while the right side rises to a tall, rocky cliff covered in green and reddish‑purple vegetation. Near the cliff edge are two small human figures with features not discernible; one holds a brown parasol, and a darker rock face appears farther to the right, with dense grasses in green and purple tones in the foreground. — Fig. 19.30

Transmitted-light image of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top to bottom: a wide pale blue sky fills most of the scene, with soft white and light gray clouds dispersed across it. Along the bottom edge runs a thin green-blue horizontal band forming a distant horizon. Near the lower right, a few small dark shapes and a small yellow spot sit on the band. — Fig. 19.31

Detail of the sky in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) showing blue paint that was brought up over the edges of the cloud. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Across the frame, overlapping patches of pale blue, lavender, light green, and white fill the space. From top to bottom, small curved horizontal shapes repeat, with scattered white dashes sitting among blue and green areas; the middle has denser blue and lavender patches. The lower area shows slightly larger white and green streaks. No distinct figures, objects, or text are present; this is a single image. — Fig. 19.32

Detail of water in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) showing a pale greenish-gray underlayer visible through breaks in the brushwork. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top area has red-brown swaths with scattered white patches, and a small blue mark near the upper right. The middle is a mix of yellow and green with cream sections and vertical reddish areas on the right. Bottom section includes a diagonal green area on the left, tan with white flecks at the lower left, and pale purple marks toward the lower right. A white scale bar labeled 1.0 cm sits along the bottom right. — Monet 18 Mic12

Top and right areas are solid black, taking up most of the frame. Bottom-left holds a small rectangular scene of dense vegetation in greens, pinks, purples, and yellows; a dark green mass appears near the upper left with a bluish‑gray area beside it, and a narrow pale beige strip runs along the bottom edge. A small white square highlights a section near the lower-left center of this scene. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.33

Photomicrograph of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing the dull-green underlayer of the cliff top. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Figs. 19.34–19.36

From top to bottom, a continuous field of small, irregular patches of color fills the frame. The upper area blends light green, pink, and lavender with scattered dark green and near-black specks, while the far left edge holds a broad vertical band of dark gray‑green. The center and lower sections mix pale yellow, tan, and green with streaks of pink and white, and no distinct shapes or figures are defined. — Fig. 19.34

Detail of brushwork in the grass of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

From top to bottom, a pale blue-gray field is covered with many short, curved white and light green lines. Across the middle, patches of yellow-green and lavender sit between denser clusters of small white curves. Toward the bottom, slightly darker blue-lavender areas appear with a few longer white arcs; overall, this is a continuous surface of wavy, overlapping bands without distinct objects or a horizon. — Fig. 19.35

Detail of brushwork in the water of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top section shows a pale blue sky over a band of darker blue water, with a small light triangular shape near the left horizon. Foreground is dense yellow-green grasses, where two figures stand at center-right: a taller figure with a red parasol and a smaller figure to their left, both in light-colored clothing and brimmed hats with pink accents. The figures are close together, with the water behind them and grasses surrounding their lower bodies. — Fig. 19.36

Detail of the figures in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Left side shows deep red and brown areas with small patches of gray-blue. Across the center runs a wide, curved band of peach and pink with thin white streaks; this band is larger than nearby marks and spans most of the height. Right side is light blue with many short horizontal streaks and a faint vertical line near the edge. A black scale bar labeled 1.0 cm sits near the bottom-right. — Monet 18 Mic10

Top to middle: pale blue sky above a horizontal band of blue‑green water. Bottom-left foreground: an adult in light clothing holds a red parasol, with a small child in a pale hat standing to their left; facial features are indistinct. Bottom area shows yellow‑green grass; a small black square sits near the upper right edge of the parasol, and a large black field surrounds this small scene in the lower-left corner. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.37

Photomicrograph of the right edge of the parasol in Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top area is mottled blue with small light blue specks. At center, a large raised cluster of colors—pale pink, beige, light teal, and orange-red—overlaps, with small streaks of yellow and dark accents. Left side shows a smaller green patch blending into blue, while the bottom and right edges show deeper blue and purple with scattered yellow and light blue. A scale bar labeled 1.0 cm appears at the bottom right. — Monet 18 Mic11

Top area shows a pale sky over a deep blue sea. Left-center shows two people near the water: a taller adult in green and white clothing under a large red umbrella or parasol, and a smaller child to the left wearing a light pink hat. Bottom area has mottled green, yellow, and brown ground with plants, while the water spans the background. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.38

Photomicrograph of the nearer figure’s hat in Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing a buildup of brushstrokes. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

At an earlier stage of the painting of the final composition, the horizon line extended farther to the right edge of the canvas (fig. 19.39). The shadowed area of the cliff at right was a later addition to the composition.^[38] Where there are small losses and gaps in the dark-brown paint of the shadow, pale shades of pink, green, blue, and cream relating to the water and sky are visible (fig. 19.40). Tiny areas of interlayer cleavage suggest that the underlying layers were at least surface dry when the paint of the cliff shadow was applied on top, resulting in poor adhesion between the layers. The compositional change could indicate that the artist altered his viewpoint after beginning the painting, or the revision may have been an aesthetic decision. The adjacent sunlit portion of the cliff at the far right, however, seems to have been part of the composition from early on. The paint in this area is fairly continuous, with few breaks in the brushwork, but where it is visible (mainly along the left edge), only the pale-gray underpainting of the sky, and not the more intense blue of the finished sky, continues underneath the cliff (fig. 19.41). This suggests that the extreme right part of the cliff was in place before the sky was fully developed. A small modification was made at the upper-left contour of the right cliff face, where it originally bulged farther to the left (fig. 19.42). This was then painted over with blue paint from the sky. The still-wet dark-green and brown paint from the cliff was probably wiped away first, as only traces are visible through the thin blue paint (fig. 19.43).
34

A grayscale rectangular field shows soft, uneven patches: lighter gray at the top with faint horizontal streaks, a diffuse lighter cluster slightly right of center, and a darker, denser band with streaks near the bottom. Four large white L‑shaped bracket marks sit near each corner, and small white circles are spaced along all four edges inside a thin dark border. The brackets are large compared to the central textures, while the dots are small and evenly spaced. — X-Ray

Blue sky with scattered white clouds spans the top, meeting a blue‑green sea where tiny white sailboats dot the horizon. In the right half and foreground, a high grassy cliff covered in green, yellow, and purple plants overlooks the water, with a darker rock face on the far right. Near the top right edge of the cliff stand two small figures in light-colored clothing, one holding a pink‑red parasol; they appear small compared with the broad stretches of sea and sky. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.39

X-ray and natural-light images of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing the horizon line from an earlier painting stage. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

Top left holds mostly deep blue with lighter blue streaks, while the center and right are dominated by reddish-brown with scattered small blue spots. Thin pale lines run diagonally and intersect across the surface, with several small cream or white triangular and wedge-shaped pieces along these lines, including one near the center and others near the right edge and bottom. A black scale bar labeled 1.0 cm sits at the bottom right, indicating the colored areas and pale pieces are only a few millimeters across. — Monet 18 Mic5

Most of the frame is black, with a small coastal scene placed in the lower-left. At the top of that scene is a pale blue sky with a small white cloud. The center shows a large cliff filling most of the right side, colored dark brown and gray with patches of green vegetation; to the left is blue-green water with a tiny dark shape offshore. Near the bottom are low grasses with small pink and yellow flowers, and a small black square overlay sits on the lower left edge of the cliff. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.40

Photomicrograph of the cliff shadow in Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing paint from the sky and water that is visible through small areas of paint loss. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top area shows a mottled band of pale purple and gray with small bumps. Center has dense, raised ridges running diagonally in dark purple and black with lighter off-white streaks between them. Toward the bottom, colors shift to brown and deep purple with more pronounced grooves and some fine cracks. A white scale bar labeled “1.0 cm” sits along the bottom right, indicating a close-up view. — Monet 18 Mic22

Top area shows a light blue sky with soft white clouds. Below it, a large rocky seaside cliff dominates the center-left in dark brown and green with small patches of white and tan; a narrow blue‑green band of water lines the far left, and bright green and yellow vegetation covers the lower edge and lower right. A small white-outlined square sits near the upper center-left, and the landscape occupies the left side of a wider black field with empty black space on the right. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.41

Photomicrograph of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing a pale-gray underlayer of the sky continuing under the cliff. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Upper half shows a pale blue sky with a small white cloud slightly left of center. Along the right edge, a steep diagonal area of green, yellow, gray, and purple patches runs from the top right toward the lower center, with a dark streak near its middle. The lower left remains open light-blue sky meeting the edge of this diagonal feature. — Fig. 19.42

Detail of the cliff edge in Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) showing a change made by the artist. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top and left areas are covered in light blue-violet with many fine scratches and small dark specks. Right side has a vertical band of mottled brown and dark green, and the lower right shows a curved dark maroon section. Bottom edge includes a white scale bar labeled 1.0 cm. The surface is uneven with shallow grooves and ridges across the blue-violet region. — Monet 18 Mic19

A large black field surrounds a small coastal scene in the lower-left corner, which occupies only a small portion of the frame. Inside that scene from top to bottom, a pale blue sky with a light cream patch sits above a steep right-side cliff colored brown, gray, purple, and green, with a small white square outline on the upper slope. To the left of the cliff, blue‑green water meets the base, and along the lower edge are mixed patches of green, yellow, and brown. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.43

Photomicrograph of the cliff edge in Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing paint residue from an earlier contour. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

The artist also made some changes to the small sailboats, modifying them at different stages of the painting process. Between the heads of the two women and just in front of the white-sailed boat on the far right, short brushstrokes rich in lead white below the surface suggest that two additional sailboats were originally included in these areas and then subsequently painted out (fig. 19.44). The white-sailed boat on the far right of the finished painting (fig. 19.45) was added before the application of the intense blue of the water that covers part of the large sail, whereas the boat on the far left was added last, after the water was completed (fig. 19.46), further demonstrating the back-and-forth nature of the painting process.
35

Grayscale rectangular surface with cloudy, streaked textures fills the scene, lighter near the middle and darker toward the bottom. Large white L‑shaped markers sit in all four corners, while smaller white dots and tabs are spaced along the edges. Slightly right of center is a brighter irregular patch with a small white crescent above it, and the lower third is darker with scattered pale streaks and a faint oval ring on the lower right. — X-Ray

Top section shows a light blue sky with scattered white clouds above a green‑blue sea, dotted with many small white sailboats across the horizon. Mid‑right, a grassy cliff overlooks the water; two figures stand there, one adult holding a red umbrella and a smaller figure beside them wearing a hat, both small compared to the landscape with skin tones not clearly visible. Foreground and right side are dense with green and yellow grasses and pink‑purple wildflowers, with darker rock at the cliff edges. — Natural Light

Fig. 19.44

X-ray and natural-light details of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) showing boats in an earlier composition. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443. Interactive image.

Top area is mottled blue with small green specks and lighter blue patches. Center features three pale peach, elongated tapered forms against the blue‑green background, with the largest in the middle and two smaller ones to the left and right; the surface looks ridged and slightly glossy. Bottom area shifts to darker blue and green patches. A thin black measurement line labeled “1.0 cm” appears near the lower right edge. — Monet 18 Mic9

Top and right areas are solid black, with a small coastal scene in the lower-left. Within that scene, light blue sky sits above blue‑green water, and a tall brown cliff with a green top rises along the right edge. Near the left-center of the water, a small white sailboat is visible and marked by a thin black rectangle, with a smaller dark boat farther back; both are much smaller than the cliff. Along the bottom of the scene, patches of pink, yellow, and green color line the shore. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.45

Photomicrograph of a sailboat in Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). This boat was added before the surrounding water was completed. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Top area shows mottled blue and green with small darker specks and fine thin lines crossing the surface. Near the center, two irregular curved patches in pale peach and cream appear, the larger left of center and the smaller to the right; both have jagged edges and tiny greenish openings. A small dark oval mark sits just below the larger patch. Along the bottom edge, a white bar labeled “1.0 cm” provides scale, indicating the patches are each under a centimeter across. — Monet 18 Mic16

On the left is a narrow seascape: at the top, a pale blue sky with a few soft white clouds; at the bottom, green-blue water with the horizon low in the frame. Near the lower left, a very small white sailboat sits on the water, enclosed by a small white square. The entire right side and most of the frame is solid black. — Detail Location

Fig. 19.46

Photomicrograph of a sailboat in Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). This boat was added after the water was completed. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Painting tools
Brushes, including 1.0 and 1.5 cm wide, flat ferrule (based on width and shape of brushstrokes) and possibly smaller brushes for finer details. There are several brush hairs embedded in the paint layer.36

Palette
Analysis indicates the presence of the following pigments: lead white, chrome yellow, cadmium yellow, cobalt blue (fig. 19.47), ultramarine blue, viridian, emerald green, vermilion, and red lake.^[39] UV examination of the painting surface indicates the use of red lake in the grass, the costumes, and the signature.^[40]
37

Top to bottom: a thin light blue band with scattered dark blue specks runs horizontally along the top. Below it is a thicker off-white band with small gray, black, and orange flecks; the bottom edge is jagged with an inward notch near the center and a rounded right end. The background is dark gray, and a scale bar labeled 100 µm appears at the lower left. — Monet 18 x1291_10x_dkfld

Across the top, bright blue sky with scattered white clouds. Below, a blue‑green sea stretches across the middle, dotted with small white sailboats near the horizon. In the right foreground, a tall grassy cliff with green and pinkish wildflowers overlooks the water; two people stand near the edge—one adult‑sized and one child‑sized—wearing light-colored clothing and wide-brimmed hats. The lower left shows shorter grasses sloping toward the cliff. — Sample Location

Fig. 19.47

Photomicrograph of a cross section of the paint and ground layers of Monet’s Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882). Original magnification: 100×. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Binding media
Oil (estimated).^[41]38

Surface Finish

Varnish layer/media
The painting is currently unvarnished. It has a soft, subtly variable surface depending on the qualities of the paint application. The synthetic varnish applied in 1973 was removed in 2011; it is not known when the natural-resin varnish, which was removed in 1973, was applied (see Conservation History).39

Conservation History

In 1972–73 yellowed varnish and overpaint were removed. The canvas was wax-resin lined and restretched on a new ICA spring stretcher. The surface was coated with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) AYAA, and inpainting was carried out at small losses and around the edges. A spray coat of methacrylate resin L-46 was applied, followed by a final coating of AYAA.^[42]40

In 2011 the synthetic varnish layers were removed along with residues from an earlier natural-resin varnish. The painting was left unvarnished. Fills from a previous treatment were left intact around the edges, and, where necessary, new fills were added and existing fills leveled or textured. Small losses were inpainted.^[43]41

Condition Summary

The work is in good condition overall. The canvas is wax-resin lined. It is flat and stretched taut on an ICA spring stretcher. The paint layer is in good condition, with only a few tiny paint losses and localized interlayer cleavage in the cliff shadow and sky at right. All areas are secure. There are several brush hairs embedded in the paint. Slight flattening and moating around areas of low impasto are probably due to the lining procedure. There is a general network of light mechanical cracks over the paint surface and areas of fine drying cracks in the dark shadows of the cliffs. Light stretcher-bar cracks are visible, most notably on the left side and over the area of the original vertical crossbar. There are series of tiny splatters running horizontally across the upper sky, midway down the water on the left side, and near the lower left corner. These have etched slightly into the paint, causing matte brown discolorations.^[44] These small spots have been inpainted, along with areas of loss and abrasion at the original foldovers. The painting is currently unvarnished.

Kimberley Muir
42

Frame

Current frame (installed by Apr. 6, 1932): The frame is not original to the painting. It is a French, early-twentieth-century, Durand-Ruel, Régence Revival, ogee frame with cast corner and center cartouches on a crosshatched bed with leaf–tip-and-shell sight molding. The frame has both water and oil gilding; the scotia sides are gold-toned silver leaf. Red bole was used on the perimeter molding, the scotia sides, the foliate ornament on the ogee and the sight molding, and the liner. A red-orange bole was used on the sanded frieze and the fillets. No bole was applied to the crosshatched ogee bed between the foliate ornament. The frame has a glued pine substrate with a cast plaster face and is mitered and nailed at the corners. The back of the frame has been planed flat, a back frame was glued on, and all of the wood surfaces were painted, removing all construction history and provenance. The molding, from perimeter to interior, is fillet with stylized dovetail pierced egg-and-flower outer molding; scotia side; ogee face with a cast crosshatched bed and corner and center foliate and floral cartouches with cabochon centers on a double-lined diamond bed with punched centers; sanded front frieze bordered with a fillet; ogee stylized egg-and-dart molding with floral motif; and an independent fillet liner with a cove sight (fig. 19.48, fig. 19.49, and fig. 19.50).^[45]
43

Figs. 19.48–19.50

An ornate gold frame surrounds a coastal scene. Across the top, a bright blue sky with scattered white clouds meets a blue‑green sea, dotted with small white sails along the horizon. In the center-right foreground, a grassy cliff with patches of pink, purple, and yellow wildflowers juts toward the water; two small figures stand near the edge, one holding a red parasol. The lower left is filled with dense green vegetation, and a darker rocky face appears on the far right. — Fig. 19.48

Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) in its current frame. The Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.443.

Left to right: Two large ornate-framed artworks on a wall—top, a portrait of an adult with facial hair resting their head on one hand; below, a seascape with waves and a rocky bluff with a small figure near the edge. In the center, a short upholstered bench with patterned fabric sits beneath the portrait, flanked by door frames. On the right, a large framed still life of a bowl piled with fruit leans against the wall on a small round table that also holds a small white pitcher and a closed book. — Fig. 19.49

Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) in its current frame, on display in Mrs. Lewis Larned (Annie Swan) Coburn’s Blackstone Hotel apartment. Institutional Archives, Art Institute of Chicago.

At the top, a light gray wall has thin molding along the ceiling and a small rectangular plaque near the upper left. In the middle, a dark-trimmed doorway slightly left of center opens to another room with two windows and a low ledge. To the right of the doorway, three ornate framed pictures hang in a row; the center frame is the largest while the left and right frames are smaller and similar, and a sliver of another frame is visible at the far left edge. Along the bottom, a narrow wall trim runs above a dark smooth floor, and at the lower left the corner of dark furniture with decorative patterns and a chair back extends into the foreground. — Fig. 19.50

Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) in its current frame, installed in *“A Century of Progress”: Loan Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture*, Art Institute of Chicago, May 23–Nov. 1, 1933. Institutional Archives, Art Institute of Chicago.

Previous frame: A photograph of the painting in the 1905 Durand-Ruel exhibition at the Grafton Galleries, London, shows the painting framed in a Durand-Ruel Louis XVI Revival frame with burnished ribbon-and-stave moldings.^[46]

Kirk Vuillemot
44

Sold by [unknown] to Hayes, by Mar. 1, 1883.^[47]45

Acquired by Hermann Kapferer, Paris, by July 17, 1888.^[48]46

Sold by Hermann Kapferer, Paris, to Durand-Ruel, Paris, July 17, 1888, for 1,200 francs.^[49]47

Possibly sold by Durand-Ruel, Paris, to Mrs. Lewis Larned (Annie Swan) Coburn, Chicago, by Apr. 26, 1928.^[50]48

Bequeathed by Mrs. Lewis Larned (Annie Swan) Coburn (died 1932), Chicago, to the Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.
49

Paris, Galeries Durand-Ruel, Exposition des oeuvres de Claude Monet, Mar. 1–25, 1883, cat. 20, as Promenade sur la Falaise. Appartenant à M. Hayes.^[51]50

London, Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell, Paintings, Drawings and Pastels by Members of “La Société des Impressionnistes,” Apr.–July 1883, cat. 32, as Promenade sur la falaise.^[52]51

Possibly Weimar, Permanenten Ausstellung für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe, c. June 1–c. Dec. 12, 1890, as Strand von Pourville.^[53]52

Brussels, Libre Esthétique, Exposition des peintres Impressionnistes, Feb. 25–Mar. 29, 1904, cat. 109, as Falaises de Dieppe. Appartient à M. Durand-Ruel.^[54]53

London, Grafton Galleries, Pictures by Boudin, Cézanne, Degas, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley Exhibited by Messrs. Durand-Ruel & Sons, of Paris, at the Grafton Galleries, 8 Grafton Street, London, Jan.–Feb. 1905, cat. 157, as The Walk on the Cliffs. 1882.^[55]54

Manchester City Art Gallery, Exhibition of Modern French Paintings, Winter 1907–08, cat. 78, as The Cliffs, Pourville (1882).^[56]55

Paris, Durand-Ruel, Exposition de paysages par Claude Monet et Renoir, May 18–June 6, 1908, cat. 33, as Promenade sur la falaise—1882.^[57]56

Paris, Galeries Durand-Ruel, Tableaux par Claude Monet, Mar. 2–28, 1914, cat. 30, as Promenade sur la falaise. 1882.^[58]57

Art Institute of Chicago, Exhibition of the Mrs. L. L. Coburn Collection: Modern Paintings and Watercolors, Apr. 6–Oct. 9, 1932, cat. 22 (ill.).58

Art Institute of Chicago, “A Century of Progress”: Loan Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, May 23–Nov. 1, 1933, cat. 295.^[59] (fig. 19.51)
59

Top area: a light gray wall with a thin decorative molding near the ceiling and a small rectangular plaque centered above a doorway. Middle, left to right: a wide, dark-trimmed doorway slightly left of center opens to a lighter room with two windows; to its right are three ornate, light-colored framed pictures hung in a row, the middle one the largest and the two on either side smaller; a narrow slice of another frame appears at the far left edge. Bottom: a dark floor spans the space, a short white baseboard runs along the wall, and the corner of a dark bench or cabinet sits in the left foreground. — Fig. 19.51

Installation of Monet’s *Cliff Walk at Pourville* (1882) in *“A Century of Progress”: Loan Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture*, Art Institute of Chicago, May 23–Nov. 1, 1933. Institutional Archives, Art Institute of Chicago.

Art Institute of Chicago, “A Century of Progress”: Loan Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture for 1934, June 1–Oct. 31, 1934, cat. 214.^[60]60

Art Institute of Chicago, The Paintings of Claude Monet, Apr. 1–June 15, 1957, no cat.^[61]61

Art Institute of Chicago, Paintings by Monet, Mar. 15–May 11, 1975, cat. 55 (ill.).62

Albi, Musée Toulouse-Lautrec, Trésors impressionnistes du Musée de Chicago, June 27–Aug. 31, 1980, cat. 12 (ill.).63

Los Angeles County Museum of Art, A Day in the Country: Impressionism and the French Landscape, June 28–Sept. 16, 1984, cat. 117 (ill.); Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 23, 1984–Jan. 6, 1985; Paris, Galeries Nationales d’Exposition du Grand Palais, as L’impressionnisme et le paysage français, Feb. 4–Apr. 22, 1985.64

Canberra, National Gallery of Australia, Monet and Japan, Mar. 9–June 11, 2001, cat. 13 (ill.); Perth, Art Gallery of Western Australia, July 7–Sept. 16, 2001.65

Tokyo, Seiji Togo Memorial Yasuda Kasai Museum of Art, loan exchange, Oct. 12, 2001–June 12, 2002.^[62]66

Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Academy, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, Aug. 6–Oct. 26, 2003, cat. 65 (ill.).67

Art Institute of Chicago, Seurat and the Making of “La Grande Jatte,” June 19–Sept. 19, 2004, cat. 96 (ill.).68

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Monet in Normandy, June 17–Sept. 17, 2006, cat. 30 (ill.); Raleigh, North Carolina Museum of Art, Oct. 15, 2006–Jan. 14, 2007; Cleveland Museum of Art, Feb. 18–May 20, 2007.69

Paris, Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Claude Monet, 1840–1926, Sept. 22, 2010–Jan. 24, 2011, cat. 62 (ill.).
70

Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell and Société des Impressionnistes, Catalogue of Paintings, Drawings and Pastels by Members of “La Société des impressionnistes,” exh. cat. (Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell, 1883) p. 11, cat. 32.^[63]71

Galeries Durand-Ruel, Catalogue de l’exposition des oeuvres de Claude Monet, exh. cat. (Galeries Durand-Ruel, 1883), p. 2, cat. 20.72

Georges Lecomte, L’art impressionniste d’après la collection privée de M. Durand-Ruel (Chamerot et Renouard, 1892), pp. 246–47.73

Octave Maus, Exposition des peintres impressionnistes, exh. cat. (Libre Esthétique, 1904), p. 40, cat. 109.^[64]74

Theodore Duret, “Claude Monet und der Impressionismus,” Kunst und Künstler (Mar. 1904), p. 245 (ill.).75

André Mellerio, “Correspondance de Belgique: Exposition des peintres impressionnistes à la ‘Libre Esthétique,’” La chronique des arts et de la curiosité 13 (Mar. 26, 1904), p. 104.^[65]76

Durand-Ruel & Sons and Grafton Galleries, Pictures by Boudin, Cézanne, Degas, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley Exhibited by Messrs. Durand-Ruel & Sons, of Paris, at the Grafton Galleries, 8 Grafton Street, London, exh. cat. (Strangeways and Sons, 1905), p. 15, cat. 157.77

Durand-Ruel and Sons, A Selection from the Pictures by Boudin, Cézanne, Degas, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley Exhibited by Messrs. Durand-Ruel and Sons, of Paris, at the Grafton Galleries, 8, Grafton Street, London, 1905 (Durand-Ruel and Sons, 1905), p. 23, cat. 157 (ill.).78

Manchester City Art Gallery, Handbook to the Exhibition of Modern French Paintings, exh. cat. (Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1907), p. 18, cat. 78.^[66]79

Galeries Durand-Ruel, Paris, Exposition de paysages par Claude Monet et Renoir, exh. cat. (Galeries Durand-Ruel, 1908), cat. 33.^[67]80

Édouard Sarradin, “Notes d’art: Paysages de Claude Monet et de Renoir,” Journal des débats politiques et littéraires 120, 143 (May 23, 1908), p. 3.81

Charles Louis Borgmeyer, “The Master Impressionists,” Fine Arts 28, 6 (June 1913), p. 328 (ill.).82

Galerie Durand-Ruel, Paris, Tableaux par Claude Monet, exh. cat. (Imp. de l’Art, 1914), cat. 30.^[68]83

Arsène Alexandre, Claude Monet (Bernheim-Jeune, 1921), p. 78.84

Gustave Geffroy, Claude Monet: Sa vie, son temps, son oeuvre (G. Crès, 1922), p. 107.^[69]85

Madeleine Octave Maus, “Exposition des peintres impressionnistes,” in Trente années de lutte pour l’art, 1884–1914 (Librairie l’Oiseau Bleu, 1926), p. 324.^[70]86

Art Institute of Chicago, Exhibition of the Mrs. L. L. Coburn Collection: Modern Paintings and Watercolors, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1932), pp. 19, no. 22; 48, no. 22 (ill.).87

Daniel Catton Rich, “The Mrs. L. L. Coburn Collection,” in Art Institute of Chicago, Exhibition of the Mrs. L. L. Coburn Collection: Modern Paintings and Watercolors, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1932), p. 7.88

Daniel Catton Rich, “The Bequest of Mrs. L. L. Coburn,” Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago 26, 6 (Nov. 1932), pp. 66, 68.89

Art Institute of Chicago, Catalogue of “A Century of Progress”: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture; Lent from American Collections, ed. Daniel Catton Rich, 3rd ed., exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1933), p. 43, cat. 295.90

Art Institute of Chicago, Catalogue of “A Century of Progress”: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, 1934, ed. Daniel Catton Rich, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1934), p. 37, cat. 214.91

Art Institute of Chicago, “The United States Now an Art Publishing Center,” Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago 36, 2 (Feb. 1942), p. 30.92

Charles Fabens Kelley, “Cliff Walk, by Monet,” Christian Science Monitor (Dec. 18, 1935) (ill.).^[71]93

Oscar Reuterswärd, Monet: En konstnärshistorik (Bonniers, 1948), p. 284.94

Art Institute of Chicago, An Illustrated Guide to the Collections of the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago, 1956), p. 34.95

Art Institute of Chicago, “Homage to Claude Monet,” Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly 51, 2 (Apr. 1, 1957), p. 24.96

Art Institute of Chicago, “Chronology,” Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly 51, 2 (Apr. 1 1957), p. 29 (ill.).97

Art Institute of Chicago, “Catalogue,” Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly 51, 2 (Apr. 1, 1957), p. 33.98

William C. Seitz, Claude Monet (Abrams, 1960), pp. 30; 116–17 (ill.).99

Art Institute of Chicago, Paintings in the Art Institute of Chicago: A Catalogue of the Picture Collection (Art Institute of Chicago, 1961; reissue, 1968), p. 319.100

Yvon Taillandier, Monet, trans. A. P. H. Hamilton (Crown, [1963]), p. 59 (ill.).101

Frederick A. Sweet, “Great Chicago Collectors,” Apollo 84, 55 (Sept. 1966), p. 203.102

Luigina Rossi Bortolatto, L’opera completa di Claude Monet, 1870–1889, Classici dell’arte 63 (Rizzoli, 1972), pp. 16; 49, pl. 33; 103, cat. 230 (ill.).103

Denis Rouart, “Apparences et reflets,” in Denis Rouart and Jean-Dominique Rey, Monet, nymphéas, ou Les miroirs du temps, with a cat. rais. by Robert Maillard (Hazan, 1972), p. 26. Translated by David Radzinowicz as “Appearances and Reflections,” in Monet, Water Lilies: The Complete Series, rev. ed., with a cat. rais. by Julie Rouart with Camille Sourisse (Flammarion/Rizzoli, 2008), p. 25.^[72]104

M. P., “Beeline,” Chicago Daily News, Aug. 27, 1973, p. 16 (detail).105

Susan Wise, “An Exhibition of Paintings by Claude Monet,” Midwest Museum Conference of the American Association of Museums: Quarterly 35, 1 (Winter 1974–75), p. 9 (ill.).106

Susan Wise, ed., Paintings by Monet, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1975), p. 109, cat. 55 (ill.).107

Guy Hubbard and Mary J. Rouse, Art: Discovering and Creating (Benefic, 1977), pp. 22 (ill.), 81 (ill.).108

J. Patrice Marandel, “New Installation of Earlier Paintings,” Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago 73, 1 (Jan.–Feb. 1979), p. 15 (ill.).109

Brian Petrie, Claude Monet: The First of the Impressionists (Phaidon, 1979), pp. 58; 61, pl. 50.110

Daniel Wildenstein, Claude Monet: Biographie et catalogue raisonné, vol. 2, Peintures, 1882–1886 (Bibliothèque des Arts, 1979), pp. 78; 79, cat. 758 (ill.).111

Musée Toulouse-Lautrec and Art Institute of Chicago, Trésors impressionnistes du Musée de Chicago, exh. cat. (Musée Toulouse-Lautrec, 1980), pp. 32, no. 12 (ill.); 67.112

William C. Seitz, Monet: 25 Masterworks (Abrams, 1982), pp. 44–45 (ill.).113

Andrea P. A. Belloli, ed., A Day in the Country: Impressionism and the French Landscape, exh. cat. (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1984), p. 364.114

Sylvie Gache-Patin and Scott Schaefer, “Impressionism and the Sea,” in A Day in the Country: Impressionism and the French Landscape, ed. Andrea P. A. Belloli, exh. cat. (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1984), pp. 272 (detail); 276; 284; 286, no. 117 (ill.); 288; 290. Translated as “La mer,” in Réunion des Musées Nationaux, L’impressionnisme et le paysage français, exh. cat. (Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1985), pp. 295; 306–07, no. 117 (ill.).115

Robert Rosenblum and H. W. Janson, Nineteenth-Century Art (Abrams, 1984), pp. 400, fig. 321; 401.^[73]116

Marcel Roethlisberger, “A Panoramic View by Claude Lorrain,” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 11, 2 (Spring 1985), p. 115, n. 31.117

John House, Monet: Nature into Art (Yale University Press, 1986), p. 185, pl. 228.118

Richard R. Brettell, French Impressionists (Art Institute of Chicago/Abrams, 1987), pp. 74–75 (detail), 76 (ill.), 118.119

Robert L. Herbert, Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society (Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 299; 300, fig. 305.120

David Bomford, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, and Ashok Roy, Art in the Making: Impressionism, exh. cat. (National Gallery, London/Yale University Press, 1990), p. 109, fig. 52.121

Rodolphe Rapetti, Monet (Anaya/Giorgio Mondadori, 1990), p. 62, pl. 40. Translated by Richard Crevier as Monet, Masters’ Gallery (Arch Cape/Outlet Book, 1990), p. 62, pl. 40.122

Karin Sagner-Düchting, Claude Monet, 1840–1926: Ein Fest für die Augen (Benedikt Taschen, 1990), pp. 125, 127 (ill.). Translated by Karen Williams as Claude Monet, 1840–1926: A Feast for the Eyes (Taschen, 2004), pp. 125, 127 (ill.).123

Bernard Denvir, Impressionism: The Painters and the Paintings (Studio Editions, 1991), pp. 134; 136, pl. 123.124

Michael Howard, ed., The Impressionists by Themselves: A Selection of Their Paintings, Drawings and Sketches with Extracts from Their Writings (Conran Octopus, 1991), pp. 255 (ill.), 320.125

Frank Milner, Monet (Mallard, 1991), pp. 19, 78–79 (ill.).^[74]126

Sylvie Patin, Monet: “Un oeil … mais, bon Dieu, quel oeil!” (Gallimard/Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1991), p. 81 (ill.). Translated by Anthony Roberts as Monet: The Ultimate Impressionist (Abrams, 1993), p. 81 (ill.).127

Sophie Fourny-Dargère, Monet, Profils de l’art (Chêne, 1992), pp. 100–101, fig. 2.128

Scott Reyburn, Monet (Medici Society, 1992), cover (ill.).129

Virginia Spate, Claude Monet: Life and Work (Rizzoli, 1992), pp. 154; 156; 158–59, ill. 177.130

Marianne Alphant, Claude Monet: Une vie dans le paysage (Hazan, 1993), p. 334.131

Christoph Heinrich, Claude Monet, 1840–1926 (Benedikt Taschen, 1993), pp. 51 (ill.), 95.132

Art Institute of Chicago, Treasures of 19th- and 20th-Century Painting: The Art Institute of Chicago, with an introduction by James N. Wood (Art Institute of Chicago/Abbeville, 1993), p. 89 (ill.).133

Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 45, fig. 49; 46–47 (detail); 135.134

Henri Lallemand, Monet: Impressions of Light (Todtri, 1994), pp. 85, 101 (ill.).135

Steven Z. Levine, Monet, Narcissus, and Self-Reflection: The Modernist Myth of the Self (University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 30, 33.136

Denis Thomas, Monet on Location (Regency House, 1994), p. 49 (ill.).137

Richard Thomson, Monet to Matisse: Landscape Painting in France, 1874–1914, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 1994), p. 164, n. 10.138

Andrew Forge, Monet, Artists in Focus (Art Institute of Chicago, 1995), pp. 25; 28; 71 (detail); 78, pl. 7; 107.139

John Russell Taylor, Claude Monet: Impressions of France, From Le Havre to Giverny (Collins & Brown, 1995), p. 91 (ill.).140

Daniel Wildenstein, Monet, or The Triumph of Impressionism, cat. rais., vol. 1 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 179; 180–81 (detail).141

Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 282, cat. 758 (ill.); 283–84.142

Anne-Marie Bergeret-Gourbin, Monet: La Normandie (Herscher, 1997), pp. 48–49 (ill.).143

Carla Rachman, Monet, Art and Ideas (Phaidon, 1997), pp. 160–61, fig. 107.144

Susanne Weiss, Claude Monet: Ein distanzierter Blick auf Stadt und Land, Werke 1859–1889 (Reimer, 1997), pp. 153; 264, fig. 58.145

James Henry Rubin, Impressionism, Art and Ideas (Phaidon, 1999), pp. 92–93, fig. 50 (detail); 128–29, fig. 76; 306; 307.146

Hendrik Ziegler, “‘Klein Paris’ in Weimar,” in Aufstieg und Fall der Moderne, ed. Rolf Bothe and Thomas Föhl, exh. cat. (Hatje Cantz, 1999), pp. 18, fig. 3; 19; 28.147

Art Institute of Chicago, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the Art Institute of Chicago, selected by James N. Wood (Art Institute of Chicago/Hudson Hills, 2000), p. 74 (ill.).148

Maria Teresa Benedetti, Monet: I luoghi (Giunti, 2001), p. 26 (ill.).149

National Gallery of Australia, Monet and Japan, exh. cat. (National Gallery of Australia/University of Washington Press, 2001), pp. 90, cat. 13 (ill.); 195.150

Karin Sagner-Düchting, “Monet’s Late Work from the Vantage Point of Modernism,” in Monet and Modernism, ed. Karin Sagner-Düchting, exh. cat. (Prestel, 2001), p. 25.151

Karin Sagner-Düchting, “Les Falaises—Coastal Paintings,” in Monet and Modernism, ed. Karin Sagner-Düchting, exh. cat. (Prestel, 2001), pp. 47, 50 (ill.).152

Norio Shimada and Keiko Sakagami, Kurōdo Mone meigashū: Hikari to kaze no kiseki [Claude Monet: 1881–1926], vol. 2 (Nihon Bijutsu Kyōiku Sentā, 2001), pp. 14, no. 147 (ill.); 188.153

Virginia Spate and David Bromfield, “A New and Strange Beauty: Monet and Japanese Art,” in National Gallery of Australia, Monet and Japan, exh. cat. (National Gallery of Australia/University of Washington Press, 2001), p. 33 (ill.).154

Angus Trumble, “Canberra and Perth, Monet and Japan,” Burlington Magazine 143, 1181 (Aug. 2001), pp. 522; 523, fig. 78.155

Hendrik Ziegler, Die Kunst der Weimarer Malerschule: Von der Pleinairmalerei zum Impressionismus (Böhlau, 2001), pp. 182–83.^[75]156

Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), pp. 136, cat. 65 (ill.); 137.157

Anne L. Cowe, “Claude Monet: A Chronology 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 171.158

Guy Cogeval et al., Édouard Vuillard, exh. cat. (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 2003), pp. 440, fig. 1; 441.159

Debra N. Mancoff, Monet: Nature into Art (Publications International, 2003), pp. 52–54 (ill.).160

Richard Thomson, “Looking to Paint: Monet 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), pp. 14–15 (detail); 31.161

Robert L. Herbert et al., Seurat and the Making of “La Grande Jatte,” exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago/University of California Press, 2004), pp. 57; 58–59, cat. 96 (ill.); 62; 276.162

Madeleine Korn, “Exhibitions of Modern French Art and Their Influence on Collectors in Britain, 1870–1918: The Davies Sisters in Context,” Journal of the History of Collections 16, 2 (2004), pp. 199; 200, fig. 7.163

Isabelle Cahn, L’impressionnisme, ou L’oeil naturel, L’aventure de l’art (Chêne, 2005), pp. 160–61 (detail), 215 (ill.), 222.164

Frances Fowle, “Making Money out of Monet: Marketing Monet in Britain, 1870–1905,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 145.165

Adrian Lewis, “Reading Monet’s Garden at Vétheuil (1881) Radically,” in Frances Fowle, ed., Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 43, pl. 11.166

Robert L. Herbert, “Monet’s Neo-Romantic Seascapes, 1881–1886,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 75.167

Heather Lemonedes, Lynn Federle Orr, and David Steel, Monet in Normandy, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco/North Carolina Museum of Art/Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006), pp. 89; 104–07, cat. 30 (ill.), fig. 52; 158; 184.168

Anna Gruetzner Robins, “‘Slab of Pink and Lumps of Brown’: The Critical Reaction to the Exhibition of a Monet Grainstack Painting in Britain in 1893,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 161.169

Norio Shimada, Claude Monet, Great Masters of Western Art 1 (Shogakukan, 2006), p. 73 (ill.).170

Nathalia Brodskaïa, Impressionism, trans. Rebecca Brimacombe and Richard Swanson (Parkstone, 2007), p. 93 (ill.).171

Eric M. Zafran, “Monet in America,” in Wildenstein and Co., Claude Monet (1840–1926): A Tribute to Daniel Wildenstein and Katia Granoff, exh. cat. (Wildenstein, 2007), p. 127.172

Caroline Durand-Ruel Godfroy, “Paul Durand-Ruel and Renoir: 47 Years of Friendship,” in Sounjou Seo et al., Renoir: Promise of Happiness, exh. cat. (Seoul Museum of Art, 2009), pp. 163 (ill.), 165 (ill.).173

Susie Hodge, Monet: His Life and Works in 500 Images (Lorenz, 2009), p. 181 (ill.).174

Gloria Groom and Douglas Druick, with the assistance of Dorota Chudzicka and Jill Shaw, The Age of French Impressionism: Masterpieces from the Art Institute of Chicago, rev. and expanded ed. (Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, 2010; repr. 2013), p. 118, cat. 57 (ill.).175

Ségolène Le Men, Monet (Citadelles & Mazenod, 2010), pp. 226–27, ill. 184; 229; 235.176

Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Claude Monet, 1840–1926, exh. cat. (Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Musée d’Orsay, 2010), p. 184, cat. 62 (ill.).177

Richard Thomson, “La côte normande dans les années 1880,” in Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Claude Monet, 1840–1926, exh. cat. (Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Musée d’Orsay, 2010), p. 176.178

Hendrik Ziegler, “Produktive Begegnungen: Die Weimarer Malerschule und der französische Impressionismus,” in Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Hinaus in die Natur!: Barbizon, die Weimarer Malerschule und der Aufbruch zum Impressionismus, ed. Gerda Wendermann, exh. cat. (Kerber, 2010), p. 228.179

Stephen Shore, “Form and Pressure,” Aperture 205 (Winter 2001), p. 46 (ill.), 47.180

Claire Maingon, “Le néo-impressionnisme: Reflet ou anti-reflet de l’impressionnisme?,” in Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Eblouissants reflets: Cent chefs-d’oeuvre impressionnistes (Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Musées de la Ville de Rouen, 2013), pp. 59, fig. 38; 60.
181

Documentation from the Durand-Ruel Archives

Inventory number
Stock Durand-Ruel Paris 995
Promenade sur la falaise, Pourville
Livre de stock Paris 1891182

Inventory number
Stock Durand-Ruel Paris 1687
Promenade, mer
Livre de stock Paris 1888 (Durand-Ruel renumérote ses livres de stock de Paris jusqu’en 1891).^[76]183

Photograph number
Photo Durand-Ruel Paris 222
Promenade sur la falaise, Pourville, en 1891 (pas de date ni de mois plus précis).^[77]
184

Labels and Inscriptions

Undated

Label
Location: backing board
Method: printed label with typewritten script
Content: THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO / artist Claude Monet / title
Cliff Walk at Pourville / medium oil on canvas / credit / acc. # 1933.443 / LZ-341-001 IM 1/90 (Rev. 1/90) (fig. 19.52)
185

Single rectangular museum label on off-white paper with black text, oriented horizontally. Top center reads “THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO.” Below, left-aligned category words appear in a column: “artist,” “title,” “medium,” “credit,” and “acc. #”; to their right are the entries “Claude Monet,” “Cliff Walk at Pourville” (underlined), “oil on canvas,” a blank line for credit, and the accession number “1933.443” at the lower right. Small catalog text sits in the bottom right margin. — Fig. 19.52

Label
Location: stretcher
Method: printed label with handwritten script and green-ink inventory stamp
Content: THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO / CHICAGO ILLINOIS 60603, U.S.A. / To / Monet, Claude / The Cliff Walk (Pourville) / 1933.443
Inventory stamp: Inventory—1980–1981 (fig. 19.53)
186

At the top, an off-white paper label reads “THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO” with a smaller line “CHICAGO ILLINOIS 60603, U.S.A.” and the printed word “To” at left. Across the middle, dark blue handwriting lists “Monet, Claude,” then “The Cliff Walk (Pourville),” followed by “1933,443”; a faint blue‑green stamp on the right reads “inventory - 1980-1981,” partly faded. On the right edge is a small round hole through the paper. The label rests on a brown wooden strip with tan canvas visible above. — Fig. 19.53

Inscription
Location: stretcher
Method: handwritten in ink
Content: 1933.443 (fig. 19.54)
187

Brown surface with fine horizontal streaks fills the frame. Near the bottom, dark gray to black handwritten numbers read “1933.443” from left to right. A small round hole sits slightly above the decimal point, near the horizontal center. No other marks are visible. — Fig. 19.54

Inscription
Location: frame
Method: handwritten in pencil
Content: 1933.443 (fig. 19.55)
188

Across the center, dark gray handwritten digits read “1933.443” on a tan background. A faint horizontal line runs behind the numbers from left to right, with a few small white scuffs nearby. The digits are large, spanning most of the width and sitting slightly above the vertical middle. — Fig. 19.55

Inscription
Location: frame
Method: handwritten in pencil
Content: 29 × 35 1/2 (fig. 19.56)
189

A close-up shows a tan surface with visible grain and narrow horizontal seams near the top and bottom. From left to right across the center, faint handwritten numbers in brown read “29 x 35 1/2.” Small dark specks and smudges appear near the lower edge. — Fig. 19.56

Post-1980

Label
Location: backing board
Method: printed label
Content: rmn / Claude Monet 1840–1926 / Galeries nationales, Grand Palais / 22/09/2010–24/01/2011 / 65 / Chicago / The Art Institute of Chicago / Promenade sur la falaise, Pourville / inv. 1933-443 / huile sur toile (fig. 19.57)
190

Fig. 19.57

Label
Location: backing board
Method: printed label
Content: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, June 17–September 17, 2006 / North Carolina Museum of Art, October 15, 2006–January 14, 2007 / The Cleveland Museum of Art, February 18–May 20, 2007 / Exhibition:
Monet in Normandy / Artist: Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926) / Title:
The Cliff Walk, Pourville, 1882 / Lender: The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL [W758; cat. #30] (fig. 19.58)
191

A white rectangular card with a thin black border shows black text on a white background. Top section lists venues and dates: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (June 17–September 17, 2006), North Carolina Museum of Art (October 15, 2006–January 14, 2007), and The Cleveland Museum of Art (February 18–May 20, 2007). Middle lines read “Exhibition: Monet in Normandy,” “Artist: Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926),” and “Title: The Cliff Walk, Pourville, 1882.” Bottom line states “Lender: The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL [W758; cat. #30].” — Fig. 19.58

Label
Location: backing board
Method: printed label
Content: THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART 11150 East Boulevard Cleveland, Ohio 44106-1797 / Monet in Normandy / (6/17/2006–5/28/2007) / Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926) /The Cliff Walk, Pourville, 1882 / Oil on canvas / 1882 / The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Larned / Coburn Memorial Collection, 1933.443 / CAT#: 30 / 1933.443 (fig. 19.59)
192

Top section shows a white label with a red museum icon and gray text reading “The Cleveland Museum of Art”; to the right is the address “11150 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-1797.” Centered below is the bold black heading “Monet in Normandy” with dates “(6/17/2006 - 5/28/2007).” Lower section in black text lists “Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926),” the artwork “The Cliff Walk, Pourville, 1882,” “Oil on canvas, 1882,” and the credit line “The Art Institute of Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Larned Coburn Memorial Collection, 1933.443,” followed by “CAT#: 30” and “1933.443.” — Fig. 19.59

Label
Location: backing board
Method: printed label
Content: Monet: THE SEINE AND THE SEA—Vétheuil and Normandy, / UK, Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Academy Crate TELNG 03.069 / 065 / Claude Monet / Cliff Walk at Pourville / Oil on canvas / 66.50 x 82.30 cm / USA, Chicago, The Art Institute (fig. 19.60)
193

At the top, a light gray rectangular label with rounded corners shows black text: “Monet: THE SEINE AND THE SEA - Vétheuil and Normandy,” followed by “UK, Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Academy Crate TELNG 03.069,” with a small pale yellow highlight over part of this line and the number “065” below it. Middle-left lines read “Claude Monet,” “Cliff Walk at Pourville,” “Oil on canvas,” and “66.50 x 82.30 cm.” The bottom line states “USA, Chicago, The Art Institute.” — Fig. 19.60

Stamp
Location: stretcher back
Method: green ink stamp
Content: Inventory—1980–1981 (fig. 19.61)
194

Top to bottom: a brown wooden surface fills the frame. Along the lower third, a faded black stamp runs horizontally; the clearest parts read “Inventory — 1980 — 15,” with a thin dark line underneath and smaller text that is not legible. A narrow lighter, worn strip of wood lines the bottom edge. — Fig. 19.61

Examination and Analysis Techniques

X-radiography

Westinghouse X-ray unit, films scanned on an Epson Expressions 10000XL flatbed scanner.195

Infrared Reflectography

Fujifilm Pro with X-Nite1000B/2 mm filter (1.0–1.1 µm); Inframetrics Infracam (1.5–1.73 µm filter).196

Transmitted Infrared

Fujifilm S5 Pro with X-Nite1000B/2 mm filter (1.0–1.1 µm).197

Visible Light

Natural-light, raking-light, and transmitted-light overalls and macrophotography: Fujifilm S5 Pro with X-NiteCC1 filter.198

Ultraviolet

Fujifilm S5 Pro with X-NiteCC1 filter and Kodak Wratten 2E filter.199

High-Resolution Visible Light (and Ultraviolet)

Sinar P3 camera with Sinarback eVolution 75 H (B+W 486 UV/IR cut MRC filter).200

Microscopy and Photomicrographs

Cross-sectional analysis using a Zeiss Axioplan2 research microscope equipped with reflected light/UV fluorescence and a Zeiss AxioCam MRc5 digital camera. Types of illumination used: darkfield, differential interference contrast (DIC), and UV. In situ photomicrographs with a Wild Heerbrugg M7A StereoZoom microscope equipped with an Olympus DP71 microscope digital camera.201

X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)

Several spots on the painting were analyzed in situ with a Bruker/Keymaster TRACeR III-V with rhodium tube.202

Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)

Zeiss Universal research microscope.203

Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX)

Cross sections were analyzed after carbon coating with a Hitachi S-3400N-II VP-SEM with an Oxford EDS and a Hitachi solid-state BSE detector. Analysis was performed at the Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Electron Probe Instrumentation Center (EPIC) facility.204

Automated Thread Counting

Thread count and weave information were determined by Thread Count Automation Project software.^[78]205

Image Registration

Overlay images registered by Damon M. Conover (GW), Dr. John K. Delaney (GW, NGA), and Murray H. Loew (GW) of the George Washington University’s School of Engineering and Applied Science and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., using a novel image-based correlation algorithm.^[79]206

Image Inventory

The image inventory compiles records of all known images of the artwork on file in the Conservation Department, the Imaging Department, and the Department of Medieval to Modern European Painting and Sculpture at the Art Institute of Chicago (fig. 19.62).
207

Fig. 19.62
Image Inventory:
Loc/Neg #	Format	Purpose	Date	Lighting, Notes
Conservation	35mm color slide		n.d.	Normal, detail, figure
Conservation	35mm color slide		n.d.	Raking, detail, figures
S1358	B/W		n.d.
M6501	B/W		n.d.
C23760	B/W		1956	Normal, overall
C11262	B/W		Nov. 22, 1957	Annotated as “stained”
Conservation	8 x 10 B/W	Before treatment	Nov. 10, 1972	Normal, overall
Conservation	8 x 10 B/W	Before treatment	Nov. 10, 1972	UV, overall
Conservation	4 x 5 B/W	Before treatment	Nov. 10, 1972	IR, overall (2 total)
Conservation	35mm color slide	During treatment	Nov. 1972	Normal, overall, partially cleaned (3 slides)
Conservation	35mm color slide	During treatment	Nov. 1972	Normal, detail, partially cleaned (2 slides)
C38251	B/W	After treatment	1972	Normal, overall
Conservation	35mm color slide	After treatment	Aug. 1978	Normal, overall, framed
Conservation	35mm color slide	After treatment	Oct. 1980	Normal, overall (3 slides)
Conservation	35mm color slide	After treatment	Oct. 1980	Normal, detail (16 slides)
E10361	Color		1986	Normal
E10362	Color		1986	Normal, detail, figures
E9099	B/W		1986
E9396	B/W		1986
E19337	Color		1989	Normal, overall
C50027	Color		1992
E31918	Color		1996	Normal, framed
Conservation	X-radiograph		Dec. 6, 2005	X-ray films scanned/digitally composited, overall
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Jan. 4, 2010	Normal, overall
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Jan. 4, 2010	Raking light, overall
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Jan. 4, 2010	UV, overall
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Jan. 4, 2010	Infrared (Fuji, 1000B-2mm filter), overall
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Jan. 6, 2010	Macro details (15 total)
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Jan. 8, 2010	Photomicrographs of surface (27 total)
G33180	Digital	OSCI/Before treatment	Mar. 10, 2010	Normal, overall
G33181	Digital	OSCI	Mar. 10, 2010	Frame only
G33182	Digital	OSCI	Mar. 10, 2010	Normal, framed (composite G33180 + G33181)
G33184	Digital	OSCI	Mar. 10, 2010	Normal, detail, boats
G33185	Digital	OSCI	Mar. 10, 2010	Normal, detail, figures
G33186	Digital	OSCI	Mar. 10, 2010	Normal, detail, cliff right side
G33187	Digital	OSCI	Mar. 10, 2010	Normal, detail, signature
G36777	Digital	During treatment	2011	Normal, overall, partially cleaned
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Apr. 8, 2010	Photomicrographs of 4 cross sections (40 total)
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Feb. 24, 2011	Detail images of verso/labels (13 total)
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Feb. 24, 2011	Transmitted infrared (Fuji, 1000B-2mm filter), overall
Conservation	Digital	OSCI	Feb. 24, 2011	Transmitted light, overall
G33183	Digital	OSCI	Sept. 12, 2011	UV, overall
G38376	Digital	OSCI/After treatment	Oct. 13, 2011	Normal, composite overall

Notes

Cliff Walk at Pourville (W758) corresponds to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), p. 282, cat. 758 (ill.). The Art Institute currently uses the title that resulted from the research for the exhibition A Day in the Country: Impressionism and the French Landscape (see Mary Kuzniar, European Painting and Sculpture, Art Institute of Chicago, memo, June 21, 1984, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago). The painting had the following titles during the lifetime of the artist:

Apr. 1883: Promenade sur la falaise (Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell and Société des Impressionnistes, Catalogue of Paintings, Drawings and Pastels by Members of “La société des impressionnistes,” exh. cat. [Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell, 1883]), p. 11, cat. 32; and Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 [Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996], pp. 283–84, cat. 758 [ill.]).
July 17, 1888: Promenade, mer or Promenade sur la falaise (Durand-Ruel, Paris, stock book for 1888 [no. 1687]; see Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago).
Possibly June 1890: Strand von Pourville (According to Hendrik Ziegler, “‘Klein Paris’ in Weimar,” in Aufstieg und Fall der Moderne, ed. Rolf Bothe and Thomas Föhl, exh. cat. [Hatje Cantz, 1999], p. 19; Hendrik Ziegler, Die Kunst der Weimarer Malerschule: Von der Pleinairmalerei zum Impressionismus [Böhlau, 2001], pp. 182–83; and Hendrik Ziegler, “Produktive Begegnungen: Die Weimarer Malerschule und der französische Impressionismus,” in Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Hinaus in die Natur!: Barbizon, die Weimarer Malerschule und der Aufbruch zum Impressionismus, exh. cat. [Kerber, 2010], pp. 228–29).
Feb. 25, 1904: Falaises de Dieppe. (Octave Maus, Exposition des peintres impressionnistes, exh. cat. [Libre Esthétique, 1904], p. 40, cat. 109; and Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 [Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996], pp. 283–84, cat. 758 [ill.]).
Mar. 1904: Spaziergang auf den Felsen (Theodore Duret, “Claude Monet und der Impressionismus,” Kunst und Künstler [Mar. 1904], p. 245 [ill.]).
Jan. 1905: The Walk on the Cliffs. 1882. (Grafton Galleries, A Selection from the Pictures by Boudin, Cézanne, Degas, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley, exh. cat. [Durand-Ruel and Sons, 1905], p. 23, cat. 157 [ill.]).
Winter 1907: The Cliffs, Pourville (1882) (Manchester City Art Gallery, Handbook to the Exhibition of Modern French Paintings, exh. cat. [Taylor, Garnett, Evans, 1907], p. 18, cat. 78; and Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 [Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996], pp. 283–84, cat. 758 [ill.]).
May 18, 1908: Promenade sur la falaise—1882. (Galeries Durand-Ruel, Paris, Exposition de paysages par Claude Monet et Renoir, exh. cat. [Galeries Durand-Ruel, 1908], cat. 33).
May 23, 1908: La Promenade sur la falaise (Édouard Sarradin, “Notes d’art: Paysages de Claude Monet et de Renoir,” Journal des débats politiques et littéraires 120, 143 [May 23, 1908], p. 3).
June 1913: Promenade sur la falaise, 1882 (Walk on the Cliffs, 1882) (Charles Louis Borgmeyer, “The Master Impressionists,” Fine Arts 28, 6 [June 1913], p. 328 [ill.]).
Mar. 2, 1914: Promenade sur la falaise. 1882. (Galeries Durand-Ruel, Paris, Tableaux par Claude Monet, exh. cat. [Imp. de l’Art, 1914], cat. 30; and Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 [Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996], pp. 283–84, cat. 758 [ill.]).
Daniel Wildenstein identified Val Saint-Nicolas as the location for another painting that depicts a scene similar to the Art Institute’s painting. See Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), p. 283, cat. 757 (ill.). A number of publications were particularly helpful in elucidating Monet’s biographical and art historical chronology at this moment: Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994); Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003); and Richard Brettell’s essays in Heather Lemonedes, Lynn Federle Orr, and David Steel, Monet in Normandy, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco/North Carolina Museum of Art/Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006). For a detailed chronology of Monet’s life, see Charles F. Stuckey, with the assistance of Sophia Shaw, Claude Monet, 1840–1926, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago/Thames & Hudson, 1995).
In February 1882, Monet traveled to Dieppe (and on to nearby Pourville) from Poissy. Returning home to Poissy in mid-April, the artist brought almost forty paintings back with him; later that same month, he sold his dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel, twenty-three works. See Daniel Wildenstein, Claude Monet: Biographie et catalogue raisonné, vol. 2, Peintures, 1882–1886 (Bibliothèque des Arts, 1979), p. 6. Considering his successful trip in February, Monet’s eagerness to return to the area from mid-June to early October is understandable. Robert L. Herbert discusses the increased market for Monet’s seascapes at this time, noting that “we cannot look upon his marines as disinterested visual poetry. They were his produce, sent back to the capital to be sold.” See Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 43–44.
Daniel Wildenstein attempts to identify many of the locations, titles, and dates. See Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
See, for example, Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), p. 45; and Heather Lemonedes, Lynn Federle Orr, and David Steel, Monet in Normandy, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco/North Carolina Museum of Art/Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006), p. 104.
For more on the influence of Japanese art on Monet, see National Gallery of Australia, Monet and Japan, exh. cat. (National Gallery of Australia/University of Washington Press, 2001). For the influence of Japanese art on Impressionism more generally, see Karin Breuer, Japanesque: The Japanese Print in the Era of Impressionism, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco/Delmonico/Prestel, 2010).
For Monet’s collection of Japanese prints, see Geneviève Aitken and Marianne Delafond, La collection d’estampes japonaises de Claude Monet à Giverny (Maison de Monet/Bibliothèque des Arts, 1983).
Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), p. 45. Herbert claimed the other three paintings with vacationers are Cliffs at Pourville (1882; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [W754]), The Beach at Pourville (1882; destroyed in a fire in New York in 1905 [W780]), and Sunset at Pourville (Coucher de soleil à Pourville) (1882; Kreeger Museum, Washington, D.C. [W781]). The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 45–46.
Richard Thomson, “Looking to Paint: Monet 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), pp. 28–29.
Richard Thomson, “Looking to Paint: Monet 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 31.
Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 45–46; Robert L. Herbert, “Monet’s Neo-Romantic Seascapes, 1881–1886,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 75.
There was one exception—the customs house located between Pourville and Varengeville, which Monet depicted some fifteen times in this year and would return to in 1896 and 1897 (see cat. 35).
Paul Hayes Tucker, Monet in the ’90s: The Series Paintings, exh. cat. (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston/Yale University Press, 1989), pp. 190, 196–203.
“J’en ai déjà de finies, mais si cela ne vous fait rien, je préférais vous montrer toute la série de mes études à la fois, désireux que je suis de les voir toutes ensemble chez moi.” Monet to Paul Durand-Ruel, March 25, 1882, translated in Charles F. Stuckey, with the assistance of Sophia Shaw, Claude Monet, 1840–1926, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago/Thames & Hudson, 1995), p. 208; original French in Daniel Wildenstein, Claude Monet: Biographie et catalogue raisonné, vol. 2, Peintures, 1882–1886 (Bibliothèque des Arts, 1979), p. 217, letter 260.
Virginia Spate, Claude Monet: Life and Work (Rizzoli, 1992), p. 326, n. 66.
Edge of the Cliff at Pourville (1882; sold, Christie’s New York, May 12, 1999, lot 16). Oddly, this pair of paintings has not been considered extensively. They are both illustrated on the same page in Virginia Spate, Claude Monet: Life and Work (Rizzoli, 1992), p. 158. Richard Thomson also mentioned the comparison in his entry for the Art Institute’s painting in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 136; however, his discussion is limited to their similar motifs. The many differences between the two paintings are not examined. The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
Edge of the Cliffs at Pourville measures 61 × 100 cm, and On the Cliff at Pourville measures 60.3 × 81.3 cm. The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 281, 283; and Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 137. The two paintings were exhibited in London shortly after the Paris show.
See, for example, John House, Monet: Nature into Art (Yale University Press, 1986), p. 185; Virginia Spate, Claude Monet: Life and Work (Rizzoli, 1992), p. 154; Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), p. 53; and Richard Thomson, “Looking to Paint: Monet 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 31.
“La plupart de mes études ont dix et douze séances et plusieurs, vingt.” Monet to Alice Hoschedé, Apr. 6, 1882, translated in Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 53–54; original French in Daniel Wildenstein, Claude Monet: Biographie et catalogue raisonné, vol. 2, Peintures, 1882–1886 (Bibliothèque des Arts, 1979), p. 218, letter 264.
The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996). Although the English translation of the titles is the same, they differ slightly in the original French. The title of catalogue raisonné number W794 is listed as Église de Varengeville, effet du matin (vol. 2, p. 295); the title of W795 is listed as Église de Varengeville, effet matinal (vol. 2, p. 296).
According to Stéphanie Constantin, “The Barbizon Painters: A Guide to Their Suppliers,” Studies in Conservation 46, 1 (2001), pp. 53–54, 63. Although the early horizon line is perhaps similar in form to those he included in his many Vétheuil landscapes of 1879, it seems highly unlikely that Monet started the initial composition at that time, took it with him to the coast in 1882, and painted over it. In 1881 Monet renewed his business relationship with Durand-Ruel, making it his best year for total art sales since 1873; see Charles F. Stuckey, with the assistance of Sophia Shaw, Claude Monet, 1840–1926, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago/Thames & Hudson, 1995), p. 207. Furthermore, if, as Robert L. Herbert has suggested, there was a revitalized market for Monet’s marines and they “were his produce, sent back to the capital to be sold,” it is difficult to conceive that he had a hard time acquiring new painting supplies in the summer of 1882. See Robert L. Herbert, Monet on the Normandy Coast: Tourism and Painting, 1867–1886 (Yale University Press, 1994), p. 44.
This observation was also noted in John House, Monet: Nature into Art (Yale University Press, 1986), p. 185. The painting has been the topic of investigation in several exhibition catalogues and monographs, and various interpretations of the X-ray have been surmised from House. Richard Thomson notes that Monet “broke the flat horizon of the sea by arbitrarily adding an extra bluff to the right” and that this “right-hand shoulder in the Chicago canvas was not originally in the painting, but was added.” See Richard Thomson, “Looking to Paint: Monet, 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 31; and his entry for the Art Institute’s painting in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 136. The entry for the painting in Heather Lemonedes, Lynn Federle Orr, and David Steel, Monet in Normandy, exh. cat. (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco/North Carolina Museum of Art/Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006), p. 106, states that the X-ray suggests a third figure may have been included in the painting. Evidence in the following technical report does not correspond with these observations, however.
For further discussion, see Kimberley Muir, Inge Fiedler, Don H. Johnson, and Robert Erdmann, “Thread Count, Weave, and Ground Analysis of Claude Monet’s Vieille & Troisgros/Troisgros Frères canvases in the Art Institute of Chicago,” in Painting Techniques: History, Materials and Studio Practice (Rijksmuseum, forthcoming). The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
For an overview of the materials and methods of Claude Monet’s paintings in the Art Institute of Chicago, see Kimberley Muir, Inge Fiedler, Don H. Johnson, and Robert G. Erdmann, “An In-depth Study of the Materials and Technique of Paintings by Claude Monet from the Art Institute of Chicago,” ICOM-CC 17th Triennial Meeting Preprints, Melbourne, Sept. 15–19, 2014 (forthcoming).
Using the toolbar at the bottom right, any two images of the painting may be selected for comparison by clicking the layers icon to the right of the slider bar. The slider bar may be moved to transition back and forth between the two chosen images. The jagged line icon brings up a list of available annotations, or colored lines that show the significant features visible in each image, which may be turned on or off in any combination. For example, the red annotation lines, associated with the natural-light image, trace some of the painting’s key compositional features. When overlaid onto a technical image (X-ray, raking light, UV, etc.), the red outlines help the viewer to better observe how features in the technical image relate to or diverge from the painting as seen with the naked eye. (When annotations are turned on, a legend appears in the upper right showing each color and its associated image type.) The circular arrow icon returns the image to the default settings (natural light, full-image view, natural-light [red] annotation on). The four-arrow icon toggles between the view of the image in the page and a full-screen view of the image. In the upper right corner, the vertical slider bar may be moved to zoom into or out of the image; different parts of the image can be accessed by clicking and dragging within the image itself. The icon in the upper left corner opens a small view of the full image, within which a red box indicates the portion of the overall image being viewed when zooming is enabled.
XRF analysis of the signature area, in conjunction with microscopic and UV examination, indicates that the paint mixture contains vermilion and red lake. Other pigments may also be present. See Kimberley Muir, “Mon_CliffWlk_33_443_XRF_Results,” July 15, 2011, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
Flax was confirmed by microscopic cross-sectional fiber identification. See Inge Fiedler, “1933_443_Monet_analytical_report,” Oct. 21, 2011, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
The original dimensions of the painting were based on a visual estimate of the original foldovers.
Thread count and weave information determined by Thread Count Automation Project software; see Don H. Johnson and Robert G. Erdmann, “Thread Count Report: Claude Monet Cliff Walk at Pourville 1882 (W0758/1933.443),” July 2011.
See Don H. Johnson, “Weave Match Report: W546, W758, Claude Monet,” June 2014. This suggests that the canvases for the two paintings were cut from the same bolt of fabric. For further discussion, see Kimberley Muir, Inge Fiedler, Don H. Johnson, and Robert Erdmann, “Thread Count, Weave, and Ground Analysis of Claude Monet’s Vieille & Troisgros/Troisgros Frères canvases in the Art Institute of Chicago,” in Painting Techniques: History, Materials and Studio Practice (Rijksmuseum, forthcoming). The number preceded by a W refers to the Monet catalogue raisonné; see Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vols. 1–4 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996).
See examination record of auxiliary support, n.d., on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago. A sample of wood from the stretcher was retained.
The presence of a sizing layer is difficult to confirm from cross sections due to previous conservation treatment, including wax-resin lining.
This is very similar to what was observed in the ground layer of Apples and Grapes (cat. 17), which was found to have a weave match with this painting. It should be noted, however, that the identification of single versus multiple layers of a single ground formulation from cross-sectional analysis can be difficult due to changes that occur in the materials with drying and aging. For a discussion of the challenges and caveats of interpreting ground layers in cross sections, see Leslie Carlyle, Jaap J. Boon, Ralph Haswell, and Martje Stols-Witlox, “Historically Accurate Ground Reconstructions for Oil Paintings,” in Preparation for Painting: The Artist’s Choice and Its Consequences, ed. Joyce H. Townsend et al. (Archetype, 2008), pp. 110–22.
The ground was analyzed using SEM/EDX and XRF. Traces of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon were detected in association with the calcium particles and are believed to be impurities often associated with the chalk. For more detailed results and conditions used, see Inge Fiedler, “1933_443_Monet_analytical_report,” Oct. 21, 2011; and Kimberley Muir, “Mon_CliffWalk_33_443_XRF_Results,” July 15, 2011, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
The central cliff’s shadow seems to have been part of the original conception for the final composition.
The pigments were identified by the following methods: lead white, cadmium yellow, cobalt blue, viridian, emerald green, and vermilion (XRF, SEM/EDX, PLM); chrome yellow, ultramarine blue (SEM/EDX, PLM); red lake (PLM). PLM analysis highlighted the presence of pale-red and deeper-red particles of red lake, suggesting that two different types may be present. Analysis was carried out on selected areas and may not include all pigments present in the painting. For more detailed results and conditions used, see Kimberley Muir, “Mon_CliffWalk_33_443_XRF_Results,” July 15, 2011; and Inge Fiedler, “1933_443_Monet_analytical_report,” Oct. 21, 2011, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
Identifying the specific type of lake used only by its fluorescence under UV is difficult, as many factors, including the type of substrate, binders, varnishes and admixtures with other pigments, can ultimately affect the perceived color of the fluorescence. Some types of madder and purpurin lake pigments have been reported to fluoresce orange, but other lakes, such as lacs, may fluoresce as well. The characteristics of red lakes, including their fluorescence under UV light, are discussed in Helmut Schweppe and John Winter, “Madder and Alizarin,” in Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, ed. Elisabeth West FitzHugh, vol. 3 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1997), pp. 124–26. See also Ruth Johnston-Feller, Color Science in the Examination of Museum Objects: Nondestructive Procedures (Getty Conservation Institute, 2001), p. 207.
The binding medium was not analyzed. The estimation of an oil medium is based on visual examination of the painting, as well as on knowledge of Monet’s technique and published analyses of Monet paintings in other collections. See, for example, David Bomford, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, and Ashok Roy, Art in the Making: Impressionism, exh. cat. (National Gallery, London/Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 72–75.
See Alfred Jakstas, treatment report, Mar. 30, 1973, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
See Kelly Keegan, treatment report, July 14, 2011, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
The cause of these marks is unknown, but they appear to be of long standing. They are documented in the 1973 pretreatment photographs, and a note in the Art Institute’s files regarding a photograph of the painting taken in 1957 is annotated with the word “stained,” which could relate to these “splatters.” See receipt 5300, on file in Museum Registration, Art Institute of Chicago.
Kirk Vuillemot, “Monet Frame Descriptions Final,” Dec. 3, 2013, on file in the Conservation Department, Art Institute of Chicago.
Paul Mitchell and Lynn Roberts, A History of European Picture Frames (Paul Mitchell/Merrell Holberton, 1996), p. 52. A photograph of the painting in the 1905 exhibition is located in the Durand-Ruel Archives; it was also published in David Bomford, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, and Ashok Roy, Art in the Making: Impressionism, exh. cat. (National Gallery, London/Yale University Press, 1990), p. 109, fig. 52.
According to Galeries Durand-Ruel, Catalogue de l’exposition des oeuvres de Claude Monet, exh. cat. (Galeries Durand-Ruel, 1883), p. 2, cat. 20.
The transaction is recorded in the Durand-Ruel, Paris, stock book for 1888 (no. 1687); “Acheté par Durand-Ruel Paris (stock 1687) à Hermann Kapferer, Paris, le 17 juillet 1888 pour 1200 francs, Promenade, mer ou Promenade sur la falaise,” as confirmed by Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago. Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758, does not include Hermann Kapferer in the painting’s provenance; it says the painting was “purchased from Monet by Durand-Ruel in October 1882.” This information is also included in Anne L. Cowe, “Claude Monet: A Chronology 1878–1883,” in Michael Clarke and Richard Thomson, Monet: The Seine and the Sea, 1878–1883, exh. cat. (National Galleries of Scotland, 2003), p. 171. According to Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago, there is nothing in the Durand-Ruel Archives to support the claim that Durand-Ruel purchased the painting from Monet in October 1882: “nous n’avons aucune preuve de cette acquisition.” Hermann Kapferer was no relation to collectors Henri or Marcel Kapferer.
The transaction is recorded in Durand-Ruel, Paris, stock book for 1888 (no. 1687): According to the Durand-Ruel Archives, “Acheté par Durand-Ruel Paris (stock 1687) à Hermann Kapferer, Paris, le 17 juillet 1888 pour 1200 francs, Promenade, mer ou Promenade sur la falaise,” as confirmed by Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago. Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758, does not include this in the provenance.
See Art Institute of Chicago, Exhibition of the Mrs. L. L. Coburn Collection: Modern Paintings and Watercolors, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago, 1932), p. 19, cat. 22. There is a notation on the Art Institute’s Museum Registration Department Artists Sheets that reads, “Durand-Ruel 995 4/26/28,” and one on receipt 5300 that states “P995 D-R Ap ’26.” Both documents are on file in Museum Registration, Art Institute of Chicago. This sale cannot be confirmed with the Durand-Ruel Archives, for according to them, “on perd sa trace dans le stock Paris (995) en 1921. Nous ne savons pas à qui et quand Mrs Coburn l’a acquis” and “nous n’avons pas la moindre indication que Durand-Ruel ait vendu cette peinture à quelqu’un d’autre que Mrs. Coburn.” See Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758. See also Galeries Durand-Ruel, Catalogue de l’exposition des oeuvres de Claude Monet, exh. cat. (Galeries Durand-Ruel, 1883), p. 2, cat. 20.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758; Frances Fowle, “Making Money out of Monet: Marketing Monet in Britain, 1870–1905,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 145; and Anna Gruetzner Robins, “‘Slabs of Pink and Lumps of Brown’: The Critical Reaction to the Exhibition of a Monet Grainstack Painting in Britain in 1893,” in Fowle, Monet and French Landscape, p. 161. Wildenstein and Fowle noted that this exhibition was organized by Durand-Ruel. In the exhibition catalogue, number 32 is listed as Promenade sur la falaise, with an asking price of 100£. See Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell and Société des Impressionnistes, Catalogue of Paintings, Drawings and Pastels by Members of “La Société des Impressionnistes,” exh. cat. (Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell, 1883), p. 11, cat. 32.
According to Sabine Walter, assistant curator, Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Jan. 20, 1997, and Apr. 2, 1997, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago, the Art Institute’s painting may have been one of the two Monet paintings exhibited in Weimar in 1890 under the title Frühling in den Dünen (Spring in the Dunes) or Strand von Pourville (Beach of Pourville). Hendrik Ziegler also argued that the Chicago painting was probably exhibited as Strand von Pourville in Weimar from June 1, 1890, in Hendrik Ziegler, “‘Klein Paris’ in Weimar,” in Aufstieg und Fall der Moderne, ed. Rolf Bothe and Thomas Föhl, exh. cat. (Hatje Cantz, 1999), p. 19; Hendrik Ziegler, Die Kunst der Weimarer Malerschule: Von der Pleinairmalerei zum Impressionismus (Böhlau, 2001), pp. 182–83; and Hendrik Ziegler, “Produktive Begegnungen: Die Weimarer Malerschule und der französische Impressionismus,” in Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Hinaus in die Natur!: Barbizon, die Weimarer Malerschule und der Aufbruch zum Impressionismus, exh. cat. (Kerber, 2010), p. 228. Ziegler claims that a painting by Ludwig von Gleichen-Russwurm from summer 1890 called Auf den Klippen von Helgoland has strong similarities to Cliff Walk at Pourville, which, he argues, may indicate that it was on view in Weimar in 1890. Ziegler also cites period newspapers and Walther Scheidig, Christian Rohlfs (Verlag der Kunst, 1965), p. 316. Based on his transcription of the “Akten Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Weimar, Commissionsbuch I, der Permanenten Kunstaustellung fol. 9. 1890. 27. Mai,” Scheidig noted that “Strand von Purville [sic]” was received from Goupil & Cie, Paris, and sent back to Paris on December 12, 1890. Goupil & Cie, Paris, is not part of the known provenance of this painting, however. Exhibition dates listed here are deduced from the above sources.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
According to Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, “Ce tableau a participé à l’exposition en 1905 à Londres aux Grafton Gallery no. 280,” curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago. In the supplemental exhibition publication, however, the Art Institute’s painting is illustrated and listed as cat. 157; see Durand-Ruel and Sons, A Selection from the Pictures by Boudin, Cézanne, Degas, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley Exhibited by Messrs. Durand-Ruel and Sons, of Paris, at the Grafton Galleries, 8, Grafton Street, London, 1905, (Durand-Ruel and Sons, 1905), p. 23, cat. 157 (ill.). A photograph of the Art Institute’s painting in the 1905 exhibition is located in the Durand-Ruel Archives; it was also published in David Bomford, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, and Ashok Roy, Art in the Making: Impressionism, exh. cat. (National Gallery, London/Yale University Press, 1990), p. 109, fig. 52.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758. The 1907–08 exhibition catalogue states, “The Art Gallery Committee desires to express its gratitude to Messieurs Durand-Ruel & Sons, of Paris, and to the Executors of the late J. Staats Forbes, Esq., for the loan of the pictures comprising the present Exhibition.”
Édouard Sarradin’s 1908 account of the exhibition mentions a painting that has a description matching the Art Institute’s work. See Édouard Sarradin, “Notes d’art: Paysages de Claude Monet et de Renoir,” Journal des débats politiques et littéraires 120, 143 (May 23, 1908), p. 3; and Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758. There is an asterisk next to catalogue number 30 in the 1914 catalogue; the catalogue explains, “Les Tableaux marqués d’un astérisque (*) ne sont pas à vendre,” n.p. The exhibition catalogue dates the exhibition to March 2–28, 1914 (Galeries Durand-Ruel, Paris, Tableaux par Claude Monet, exh. cat. [Imp. de l’Art, 1914]), but Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 4, Nos. 1596–1983 et les grandes décorations (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), p. 1022, gives the dates as March 2–21, 1914.
The exhibition catalogue lists the dates as June 1–November 1, 1933, but newspaper articles confirm that the exhibition opened on May 23. See India Moffett, “Art Show of 1,500 World Famous Treasures Is Opened at Institute,” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 23, 1933, p. 17; and Virginia Gardner, “Record Throng of 1,367,000 Views Art Show,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Oct. 29, 1933, p. 7.
The exhibition catalogue lists the dates as June 1–November 1, 1934, but newspaper articles confirm the exhibition closed on October 31. See “Fair Art Exhibition Closes Forever at 5:30 This Afternoon,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Oct. 31, 1934, p. 2; and “Shippers Start Dismantling Art Exhibition Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Nov. 1, 1934, p. 3.
The exhibition catalogue is printed in Art Institute of Chicago,“Catalogue,” Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly 51, 2 (Apr. 1, 1957), pp. 33–34. Under “Exhibitions” in the same issue, the original exhibition dates were listed as April 1–30 (p. 36); however, the show was extended until June 15. See Edith Weigle, “The Wonderful World of Art,” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 26, 1957, p. E2, for an exhibition review and reference to the extension of the length of the show. The April 1957 issue of the Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly was largely dedicated to the Monet works in the Art Institute’s collection. The exhibition marked the first time the Art Institute’s thirty Monet paintings were shown together in the museum.
According to receipt of object 44766, on file in Museum Registration, Art Institute of Chicago, this work was on loan to the Seiji Togo Memorial Yasuda Kasai Museum of Art in exchange for its loan to the Art Institute of Chicago exhibition, Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South, Sept. 22, 2001–Jan. 13, 2002; and Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum, Feb. 9–June 2, 2002. See also Bart Ryckbosch to Jill Shaw, Oct. 18, 2011, e-mail correspondence, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758; and Frances Fowle, “Making Money out of Monet: Marketing Monet in Britain 1870–1905,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 145. Both of these publications note that this exhibition was organized by Durand-Ruel. In the exhibition catalogue, catalogue number 32 is listed as Promenade sur la falaise, with an asking price of 100£.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
Édouard Sarradin’s 1908 account of the exhibition mentions a painting with a description that matches the Art Institute’s work. See Édouard Sarradin, “Notes d’art: Paysages de Claude Monet et de Renoir,” Journal des débats politiques et littéraires 120, 143 (May 23, 1908), p. 3; and Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758.
This article mentions the painting Promenade sur la falaise, exhibited in 1883 in Paintings, Drawings and Pastels by Members of “La Société des Impressionnistes” in London at Dowdeswell and Dowdeswell. Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758; and Frances Fowle, “Making Money out of Monet: Marketing Monet in Britain 1870–1905,” in Monet and French Landscape: Vétheuil and Normandy, ed. Frances Fowle (National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 145, claim that this is the Art Institute’s painting.
According to Daniel Wildenstein, Monet: Catalogue raisonné/Werkverzeichnis, vol. 2, Nos. 1–968 (Taschen/Wildenstein Institute, 1996), pp. 283–84, cat. 758. This publication reprints (although no cat. nos. are included) the exhibition catalogue checklist from the 1904 Exposition des peintres impressionnistes in Brussels.
This article appears in the microfilm compilation, Charles Fabens Kelley, The Chicago Art Institute Collections and Exhibitions (Art Institute of Chicago, 1971), p. 25 (ill.).
It was simultaneously revised and published in French as Denis Rouart and Jean-Dominique Rey Monet, les Nymphéas: L’intégralité, with a cat. rais. by Julie Rouart (Flammarion, 2008).
Republished in Robert Rosenblum and H. W. Janson, Nineteenth-Century Art, rev. ed. (Prentice Hall, 2005), p. 415, fig. 401.
Republished in Frank Milner, Monet (PRC, 2001), pp. 19, 78–79 (ill.).
Ziegler mentioned his inclusion of the Art Institute’s painting in his dissertation: “Hendrik Ziegler, Die Kunst der Weimarer Malerschule: Von der Pleinairmalerei zum Impressionismus” (Ph.D. diss., Freie Universität Berlin, 1999), p. 18, fig. 3.
See Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago.
See Paul-Louis Durand-Ruel and Flavie Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Archives, to the Art Institute of Chicago, Oct. 5, 2010, curatorial object file, Art Institute of Chicago.
See Don Johnson, C. Richard Johnson, Jr., Andrew G. Klein, William A. Sethares, H. Lee, and Ella Hendriks, “A Thread Counting Algorithm for Art Forensics,” 2009 IEEE Thirteenth Digital Signal Processing and Fifth IEEE Signal Processing Education Workshop (IEEE, 2009), pp. 679–84; doi:10.1109/DSP.2009.4786009.
See Damon M. Conover, John K. Delaney, Paola Ricciardi, and Murray H. Loew, “Towards Automatic Registration of Technical Images of Works of Art,” in Computer Vision and Image Analysis of Art II, ed. David G. Stork, James Coddington, and Anna Bentkowska-Kafel, Proc. SPIE 7869 (SPIE/IS&T, 2011), doi:10.1117/12.872634.

How to Cite

Entry by Gloria Groom and Jill Shaw; Technical Report by Kimberley Muir and Kirk Vuillemot, “Cat. 19 Cliff Walk at Pourville, 1882,” in Monet Paintings and Drawings at the Art Institute of Chicago, ed. Gloria Groom and Jill Shaw, rev. ed. (2014; repr., Art Institute of Chicago, 2026), https://doi.org/10.53269/9780865592698/16.

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