Unlike many other American artists, Marsden Hartley was more drawn to German Expressionism than to French modernism, and executed this painting in Berlin. Made on the eve of World War I, Movements possesses a turbulent energy that sparks associations with both the vibrancy of modern Berlin and movements of music. Like the Russian Expressionist painter Vasily Kandinsky, Hartley sought to make his work more like music, which he admired for its nonnarrative nature and its potential to be purely spiritual or separate from material reality.
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“An American Collection,” The Philadelphia Museum Bulletin, 40, 206 (May 1945), 66–80 (ill.).
Milton W. Brown, American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression (Princeton University Press, 1955), 146 (ill.).
Instituto de Arte de Chicago (Madrid, El Mundo de los Museos, 1967), 82 (ill.).
Paintings in The Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago, 1961), 211.
Daniel C. Rich, “The Stieglitz Collection,” Bulletin of The Art Institute of Chicago (1961), 211.
Richard Whelan, “Marsden Hartley, A ‘Sense of Truth and a Real Naivete of Spirit,” Artnews 79 (Summer 1980), 118–20 (ill.).
The Art Institute of Chicago: Twentieth–Century Painting and Sculpture, selected by James N. Wood and Teri J. Edelstein (Art Institute of Chicago, 1996),36 (ill.).
Judith A. Barter et al., American Modernism at the Art Institute of Chicago, From World War I to 1955, (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, 2009), cat. 8.
Paintings at the Art Institute of Chicago: Highlights of the Collection, (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, 2017) p. 98.
New York City, Anderson Galleries, The Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters, Mar. 13–25, 1916.
Philadelphia Museum of Art, History of an American, Alfred Stieglitz: ‘291’ and After, Summer 1944, cat. 244.
New York City, Museum of Modern Art, Alfred Stieglitz: His Collection, June 10–Aug. 31, 1947, cat. 36.
Art Institute of Chicago, Alfred Stieglitz: His Photographs and His Collection, Art Institute of Chicago, Feb. 7–Mar. 1948.
New York City, Whitney Museum of American Art, Marsden Hartley, Mar. 4–May 1980, cat. 17; Art Institute of Chicago, June 10–Aug. 3, 1980, Fort Worth, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, Sept. 5–Oct. 26, 1980, University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley, Nov. 12, 1980–Jan. 4, 1981.
Paris, Musee d’Orsay, Alfred Stieglitz and His Circle: Modernity in New York (1905 – 1930), Oct. 18, 2004–Jan. 16, 2005; Madrid, Museo Nacional Centro d’Arte reina Sofia, Feb. 10–May 17, 2005 (Paris only).
Alfred Stieglitz Collection, New York City; bequeathed through Georgia O’Keeffe to the Art Institute of Chicago, 1949.
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