In 1921 Charles Demuth returned to his native Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and began painting its industrial landscape. This starkly rectilinear composition depicts a building head-on. In choosing a flat subject that mimics the surface of the canvas, Demuth embraced the modernist ideal of unifying form and content. A member of the Dadaist circle in New York, Demuth also added a touch of characteristic Dada irreverence to his picture, painting a calendar onto the building’s windows to highlight the inherent repetition and boredom of modern business. At his death, Demuth bequeathed Business to his long-time friend and supporter Georgia O’Keeffe.
S. Lane Faison, Jr., "Fact and Art in Charles Demuth," Magazine of Art, 43, no. 4 (April 1950): 128.
Emily Farnham, "Charles Demuth: His Life, Psychology and Works" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1959), vol. 2, 568–69, no. 400.
Alvord L. Eiseman, "A Study of the Development of an Artist: Charles Demuth" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1975), vol. 2, 357–58, ill. no. 213.
Alvord L. Eiseman, Charles Demuth (New York: Watson–Guptill Publications, 1982), 17, 21, 25.
Richard Guy Wilson, Dianne H. Pilgrim, and Dickran Tashjian, The Machine Age in America, 1918–1941, exh. cat. (Brooklyn Museum, 1986), 234.
Betsy Fahlman, "Charles Demuth's Paintings of Lancaster Architecture: New Discoveries and Observations," Arts Magazine 61, 7 (March 1987), 24, 28–29, fig. 21.
Karen Lucic, Charles Sheeler and the Cult of the Machine (London: Reaktion Books, 1991), 72, fig. 28.
James M. Dennis, Renegade Regionalists: The Modern Independence of Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998), 208, 210 (ill.).
Celeste Connor, Democratic Visions: Art and Theory of the Stieglitz Circle, 1924–1934 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 145–48, fig. 32.
Judith A. Barter et al., American Modernism at the Art Institute of Chicago, From World War I to 1955, (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, 2009), no. 33.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings Showing the Later Tendencies in Art, Apr 16–May 15, 1921, cat. 96.
New York, Steinway Hall, 119 W. 57th St., Machine–Age Exposition, May 16–28, 1927, cat. 347.
Philadelphia Museum of Art, History of an American: Alfred Stieglitz, 291 and After, Jul 1–Nov 1, 1944, cat. 287.
New York, Museum of Modern Art, Alfred Stieglitz: His Collection, Jun 10–Aug 31, 1947, cat. 19.
Art Institute of Chicago, Alfred Stieglitz: His Photographs and Collection, Feb 2–29, 1948, no cat.
New York, Museum of Modern Art, Charles Demuth, Mar 7–Jun 11, 1950, cat. 112; Detroit Institute of Arts, Oct 1–29, 1950, Coral Gables, FL, University of Miami, Nov 20–December 12, 1950, Winnipeg Art Gallery, December 28, 1950–Jan 18, 1951, Williamstown, MA, Williams College, Feb 3–24, 1950, Newark, DE, University of Delaware, Mar 10–31, 1951, Oberlin College, OH, Apr 14–May 5, 1951, Buffalo, Albright Art Gallery, May 19–Jun 9, 1951 (New York only).
Art Galleries, University of California, Santa Barbara, Charles Demuth: The Mechanical Encrusted on the Living, Oct 5–Nov 14, 1971, cat. 80; University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley, Nov 22, 1971–Jan 3, 1972, Washington, DC, Phillips Collection, Jan 19–Feb 29, 1972, Utica, NY, Munson–Williams–Proctor Institute, Mar 19–Apr 16, 1972.
Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania Modern: Charles Demuth of Lancaster, Jul 16–Sep 11, 1983, cat. 20; Lancaster, PA, Heritage Center of Lancaster County, Oct 1–Nov 13, 1983; Pittsburgh, Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, Nov 23, 1983–Jan 22, 1984.
New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Charles Demuth, Oct 15, 1987–Jan 17, 1988, cat. 70; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Feb 25–Apr 24, 1988, Columbus Museum of Art, OH, May 8–Jul 10, 1988; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Aug 7–Oct 2, 1988.
Berlin, Martin–Gropius–Bau, American Art in the 20th Century: Painting and Sculpture 1913–1993, May 8–Jul 25, 1993, cat. 44; London, Royal Academy of Arts and the Saatchi Gallery, Sep 16–December 12, 1993.
New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York Dada: 1915–1923, Nov 20, 1996–Mar 2, 1997.
Paris, Musée d'Orsay, Alfred Stieglitz and His Circle: Modernity in New York (1905–1930), Oct 18, 2004–Jan 16, 2005; Madrid, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Feb 10–May 17, 2005 (Paris only).
Lille, France, Lille Métropole musée d'art moderne, d'art contemporain et d'art brut, The Magical City, Sep 19, 2012–Jan 13, 2013.
Shanghai Museum, Pathways to Modernism: American Art, 1865–1945, Sep 28, 2018–Jan 6, 2019, cat. 50.
The artist; bequeathed to Georgia O'Keeffe, Abiquiu, N.M., and New York, N.Y., 1935; given to the Art Institute of Chicago, 1949.
Object information is a work in progress and may be updated as new research findings emerge. To help improve this record, please email .
